JUDGMENT
M. Jagannadha Rao, J.@mdashCivil Appeal No. 6486 of 1993 is filed by Smt. Rebti Devi (since deceased) and is being continued by her son Sri
Mahesh Dutt Gupta, claiming to be her sole legatee under a registered will dated 18.12.1972. This appeal is preferred against the judgment of the
Allahabad High Court in Regular Second Appeal No. 1001/1973 dated 29.2.1980 arising out of Suit No. 1263 of 1968. In the Civil Appeal the
respondents are the legal heirs of the brother of Mahesh Dutt Gupta, i.e. late Ram Dutt Gupta.
2. SLP No. 17883/1997 is filed by the legal representatives of Ram Dutt Gupta (brother of Mahesh Gupta) impleading Mahesh Gupta and other
family members against the judgment of the Allahabad High Court in First Appeal No. 378 of 1996 dated 30.5.1997 allowing the appeal of
Mahesh Dutt Gupta and granting probate in respect of the Will dated 18.12.1972 of Rebti Devi in his favour. Learned Counsel for the petitioners
in SLP has fairly stated that the SLP and IA1 of 1996 therein are not being pressed. Therefore, we are left only with Civil Appeal No. 6486 of
1983 and in view of the dismissal of S.LP. Mahesh Dutt Gupta can continue the said Civil Appeal in the place of his deceased mother Rebti Devi.
The result also is that Mahesh Dutt can also claim as heir to such interest which Rabti has, even is her case of being real owner of the property is
rejected once again in this Court.
3. The Suit No. 1263 of 1968 out of Which the Civil Appeal arises was filed by Smt. Rebti Devi for possession of property from the occupation
of one of her sons Ram Dutt Gupta. The plaintiff has impleaded Ram Dutt Gupta as 1st defendant and his son Surendra Nath Gupta as 2nd
defendant. She claimed that she purchased the suit property on 1.6.1995 under a registered sale deed for Rs. 5000/- out of the money acquired
by sale of her jewellery and ornaments and money given to her by her relatives and also out of the income derived by her by lending her money
regularly. She also pleaded that her husband Ujagar Lai had no movable or immovable property. Apart from Ram Dutt, she has other children
Brahm Dutt, Ramesh Dutt, Mahesh Dutt and daughters Prem Devi, Chandrakanta. She claims that the sons separated and that in 1960 she
permitted Ram Dutt to occupy the ground floor of the suit property for his business and as Ram Dutt did not vacate. She was suing for possession.
The defence of Ram Dutt and his son was that the property was purchased by his father Ujagar Lal in the name of Ram Dutt''s mother Rebti Devi
benami on 1.6.1995 and that the entire consideration was paid by his father, that his father was the real owner and that after his death, the property
has devolved on his wife (plaintiff) and other children in accordance with law.
4. Both sides led evidence. The trial Court accepted the plaintiff''s case in its judgment dated 10.11.1971 and held that the plaintiff was not a
benamidar and her husband was not the real owner. But on appeal, the appellate Court, in a well considered judgment, reversed the judgment and
decree and dismissed the suit on 9.3.1973. That judgment was affirmed by the High court in Second Appeal on 29.2.1980. Plaintiff preferred this
Civil Appeal in this Court.
5. Learned Counsel for the plaintiff-appellant (legal representative of Rebti Devi) submitted that the property was standing in the name of Rebti
Devi and that the defendants who had come up with a plea of benami had not discharged the onus that was on them. It was also contended,
referring to Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 that the plea of benami raised in defence was not open to the defendants and that in
Nand Kishore Mehra Vs. Sushila Mehra [1995 (4) SCC 5723 (which is a three Judge judgment), the principles decided in R. Rajagopala Reddy
Vs. Padmini Chandrasekharan [1995 (2) SCC 630] (which is also decision of three learned Judges have been doubted and hence the said Act is
applicable to the facts of the case even though the defence of benami was raised long before19.5.1988 when the Act came into force. Learned
Counsel for the respondent contended that the finding of fact arrived at by the first appellate Court was not rightly interfered with by the High
Court, and that it did not call for any interference under Article 136 of the Constitution of India. It was also submitted that R. Rajagopala Reddy''s
case holds good and has not been doubted in Nand Kishore Mehra''s case.
6. So far as the first submission of the appellant''s counsel is concerned, we are of the view that it is true that the respondents-defendants who have
raised a defence of benami in their written statement have to discharge the initial burden of proof and establish the plea of benami. Parties adduced
oral and documentary evidence. The lower appellate Court had considered the evidence adduced by both sides and arrived at a conclusion that
the defendant shad discharged the said burden. When both sides had adduced evidence, the question of burden of proof pales into insignificance.
The High Court was therefore right in not interfering with the said finding. The said finding of fact cannot be canvassed in this Civil Appeal by the
plaintiff or her legal representative.
7. In order to appreciate the second submission, we have to start her with Rajagopala Reddy's case [1995 (2) SCC 630] and find out what it
actually decided in regard to the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act,1988 (hereinafter called the ''Act'').Sections 3 5 and 8 of the Act came
into force at once i.e. w.e.f. 5.9.1988 while there maiming provisions were deemed to have come into force from 19.5.1988.The principles
decided in that case, while overruling Mithilesh Kumari Vs. Prem, Behari Khare [1989 (2) SCC 95] , can be summarised as follows:
(1) ""Firstly while Section 4(i) prohibited a plea of benami to be raised in a suit, claim or action and again Section 4(2) precluded a defence of
benami in suits, claims or actions, these two provisions did not come in the way of a decision on such pleas in matters pending as on 19.5.1988 if
such-pleas were already raised before 19.5.1988, by one party or other. This was because such pleas which were already raised before
19.5.1988 were not intended to be affected by the Act, if they were raised in suits, claims or actions pending as on 19.5.1988. The repeal
provisions in Section 7 repealed Section 82 of the Trust Act only in that manner and to that extent.
(2) Secondly on the express language of Section 4(1), any right inhering in the real owner in respect of any property held benami would be no ten
force able once Section 4(1) operated, even if such transaction had been entered into prior to 19.5.1988 and no suit could be filed on the basis of
such a plea after 19.5.1988. The same prohibition''s applied in case of Section 4(2) to a defence taken after 19.5.1988 pleading benami in respect
of a transaction prior to 19.5.1988. The Act could be said to be retrospective only to that extent. But from this it did not follow that where such a
plea was already taken before 19.5.1988 to the effect that the property was held benami, such a plea got shut out merely because the proceeding
in which such the plea was raised before 19.5.1988was pending on 19.5.1988.
(3) Thirdly, where a suit had been filed before 19.5.1988, and in any written statement filed on or after 19.5.1988, a plea of benami was raised,
then such a plea of benami could not also be gone into. If however such a plea in defence had been raised before 19.5.1988, the Act did not
preclude that question to be decided in proceedings which were pending on 19.5.1988. Mithilesh Kumari''s case was wrong in holding that such a
defence could not be decided after 19.5.1988 even though the plea was raised before 19.5.1988.
(4) Fourthly, if such an interpretation as stated in (1) to (3) was given, it could not be validly contended that a question of invalid discrimination
arose between cases where suits were filed on or before 19.5.1988 and those filed after 19.5.1988.
(5) Fifthly, even though the word ''suit'' might include appeal or further appeals, Section 4(1) and 4(2) could not be made applicable to these
subsequent stages.
(6) Sixthly pleas by plaintiffs on applicants and defences after 19.5.1988 of real owners against benamidars were barred u/s 4(1) and Section 4(2),
only to the extent indicated above.
This in substance is what was decided in R. Rajagopala Reddy''s case.
8. We shall now take do Nand Kishore Mehra's case [1995 (4) SCC 572] , As we shall presently show, that case was concerned with a different
factual situation and different legal principles. We have sent for the record in that case and find that there the suit was filed on 24.1.1992 (i.e. after
19.5.1988) by the appellant pleading that he purchased the property on 24.4.1964 in trust for himself but in the name of his wife, (the defendant).
The wife relied on the Act and filed an I .A. for rejection of the plaint under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC. The Delhi High Court (on Original Side) in its
order dated 18.11.1993 dismissed the application under Order7 Rule 11 filed by the wife for rejection of the plaint. On appeal by the defendant -
wife, a Division Bench of the High Court by judgment dated 21.4.1994 allowed the (wife''s) appeal and directed rejection of the plaint as the
Division Bench felt that Section 3(1) of the Act applied. On further appeal by the plaintiff husband, this Court allowed the appeal and the
application under Order 7 Rule 11 filed by the defendant wife was dismissed and the suit was directed to be disposed of on merits, taking into
account the statutory presumption u/s 3(2) and holding that Section 3(1) did not apply because the case fell under the exception contained in
Section 3(2).
9. This Court referred to R. Rajagopala Reddy's case [1995 (2) SCC 630] . The plaint being sub sequent to 17.5.1988, the principle that the Act
was not retrospective as stated in R. Rajagopala Reddy''s case was no doubt initially not attracted to that case. That would mean that Section 4(1)
applied unless of course the case fell within the exceptions stated either in Section 3(2) or in Section 4(3) of the Act. In that case, this Court
permitted the plea of benami in a post 19.5.88 suit because the Court was concerned with the exception in Section 3(2). The Court also
incidentally referred to the other exceptions falling u/s 4(3). This Court in that case noticed that the purchase was on 24.4.1964 and was in the
name of the wife. That was why this Court proceeded to refer to the exception in Section 3(2) which concerns benami purchases in the name of a
wife or unmarried daughters. This Court also referred to the presumption contained under he same exception in Section 3(2) tot he effect that
unless the contrary was proved, in the cases of purchases in the name of wife or unmarried daughters, it shall be presumed that the property had
been purchased for the benefit of the wife or the unmarried daughters. In view of the exception in Section 3(2), the prohibition u/s 3(1) was held
not to apply. It was held that - even though the plaint was filed after 19.5.1988 such a plea of benami was not shut out. This Court directed that
the suit to be disposed of of course by applying the statutory presumption contained in Section 3(2) which is to be mandatory drawn but which is
rebuttable. The plaintiff in a suit filed after 19.5.1988 could still prove that the property had not been purchased by him for the benefit of his wife
and he could rebut the presumption, and claim that he was the real owner.
10. Therefore, to the six principles hereinbefore called out from R. Rajagopala Reddy''s case, the following further principles decided in Nand
Kishore Mehra''s case can be added:
(7) Seventhly, if in a suit, claim or action a plea or defence based on benami is raised even after 19.5.1988 and the purchase is in the name of a
wife or unmarried daughter, such a plea of benami is permissible and R. Rajagopala Reddy''s case will not come in the way merely because the
plea is raised after 19.5.88. Such a plea if raised, will however have to be decided taking into account the statutory presumption laid down in
Section 3(2). This is because the Act says that if the purchase is in the name of the wife or unmarried daughter, the prohibition in Section 3(1) will
not apply. Section 3(2) is enacted as an exception to the provisions in the Act and does not depend for its interpretation on the question as to what
extent Sections 4(1) and 4(2) are retrospective.
(8) Eighthly, if the case falls within the exception in Section 4(3)(a) i.e. where the person in whose name the property is held is a coparcener in a
Hindu Undivided Family and the property is held for the benefit of the coparceners in the family, or where as stated in Section 4(3)(b) the person
in whose name the property is held is a trustee or other person standing in a fiduciary capacity and the property is held for the benefit of another
person for whom he is a trustee or towards whom he stands in such capacity, then in both situations if such a plea or defence is raised in a suit filed
after 19.5.88, the same can be decided by the Court notwithstanding Sections 4(1) or 4(2) and notwithstanding what is decided in R. Rajagopala
Reddy''s case.
11. For the above reasons, we are unable to find how Nand Kishore Mehra''s case can be said to have doubted R. Rajagopala Reddy''s case. In
fact far from doubting it, it proceeds to accept the said judgment and then considers the case of exceptions provided in Section 3(2). It holds
incidentally that there is another exception contained in Section 4(3) of the Act. These exceptions apply even to suits filed after 19.5.1988 and are
not affected by what is decided in R. Rajagopala Reddy''s case.
12. In order to complete discussion, we shall also refer to two subsequent cases. The case in Heirs of Vrajlal Ganatra Vs. Heirs of Parshottam S.
Shah 1996 (4) SCC 490 was one whore the suit was filed in 1981 claiming that the defendant in whose name the deed dated 16.12.1963 stood
was benami. The plaintiff''s heirs filed appeal in Gujarat High Court in 1990 against the judgment of the trial Court. No contention based on the Act
of 1988 was raised in the High Court. For the first time it was argued in this Court that the plea was prohibited by the Act. This Court, followed R.
Rajagopala Reddy''s case and held that the plea was raised in a suit filed before 19.5.1988, and it was not barred under the Act. This Court then
proceeded to decide the case on merits, dismissing the plaintiff''s appeal.
13. Sankana Hali & Sankana Institute Vs. Kishori Lal Goenka [1996 (7) SCC 55] decided on 6.12.1994 is by a three Judges Bench. It was
decided before R. Rajagopala Reddy''s case but is reported later. In a way it took the same view as in R. Rajagopala Reddy''s case. It noticed
that Section 3 5 and 8 of the Act came into force at once i.e. 5.9.1988 and the remaining provisions came into force from 19.5.1988. It was held
that the plea of benami was raised before 19.5.1988 and that the objection that the deed of release dated 24.2.1964 by the benami in favour of
the firm was invalid because of the Act, could not be permitted to be raised after 19.5.1988. In that case, the rent control proceedings started
around 1970 and the plea of benami was raised and was also proved by the firm, the real owner, by relying on the release deed dated 24.12.64
executed by the benamidar in favour of the firm. The objection that the deed was invalid because of the provisions of the Act was raised after
19.5.88, relying upon Mithilesh Kumari's case [1989 (2) SCC 95] which held the Act was retrospective. That judgment has since been reversed in
R. Rajagopala Reddy''s case. It is clear that the conclusion arrived at in Sankara Mali''s case can now be easily justified by R. Rajagopala Reddy''s
case overruling Mithilesh Kumari''s case and on he basis of the principles laid down in the said case.
14. For the aforesaid reasons we hold that the decision in R. Rajagopala Reddy is not in any manner shaken by anything said in Nand Kishore
Mehra''s case and that both cases deal with different aspects of the Act as stated above and each of the cases continues to govern different
provisions of the Act.
15. Civil Appeal and SLP are dismissed.
