S.P. Talukdar, J.@mdashBy filing an application under Order XLVII Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the plaintiff/petitioner sought for
review of this Court''s order dated 27th February, 2008. By the said order, this Court dismissed the revisional application, being C.O. No. 3417
of 2005.
2. The backdrop of the present case may briefly be stated as follows:
The petitioners, as plaintiffs, filed a suit before the learned 2nd Court of Civil Judge (Jr. Divn.), Sealdah, praying for a decree declaring their
tenancy right in respect of two tenancies as well as for other reliefs. The said suit was contested by the defendant by filing written statement on 14th
June, 2001. On 8th January, 2002, the defendant filed a counter-claim under Order VIII Rule 6A of the CPC praying for a decree for recovery of
possession, mesne profit and other reliefs. Plaintiffs, by filing an application, claimed that the counter-claim having been filed long after filing of the
written statement is not maintainable. Plaintiffs, thus, prayed for striking out of the counter-claim. learned trial Court, by order dated 1st
September, 2005, rejected the petition.
3. Being aggrieved by and dissatisfied with the said order dated 1st September, 2005, the plaintiffs, as petitioners, approached this Court with an
application under Article 227 of the Constitution.
4. This Court by order dated 27th February, 2008 dismissed the application, being C.O. No. 3417 of 2005.
5. In the instant application under Order XLVII Rule 1 of the C.P. Code, the petitioner alleged that this Court did not consider the decision of the
Apex Court in the case between Ramesh Chand Ardawatiya Vs. Anil Panjwani, .
6. The present application had been resisted by the opposite party/defendant on the ground that the petitioner failed to make out a case justifying
review of this Court''s order dated 27th February, 2008.
7. After hearing learned counsel for both parties and taking into consideration the facts and circumstances, it appears that this Court is now called
upon to decide two aspects i.e., whether a review application under Order XLVII Rule 1 of the CP Code is maintainable and whether there is any
justification for review of the said order dated 27th February, 2008 as sought for.
8. Order XLVII of the CPC reads as follows:
1. Application for review of judgment. - (1) Any person considering himself aggrieved -
(a) by a decree or order from which an appeal is allowed, but from which no appeal has been preferred,
(b) by a decree or order from which no appeal is allowed, or
(c) by a decision on a reference from a Court of Small Causes,
and who, from the discovery of new and important matter or evidence which, after the exercise of due diligence was not within his knowledge or
could not be produced by him at the time when the decree was passed or order made, or an account of some mistake or error apparent on the
face of the record, or for any other sufficient reason, desires to obtain a review of the decree passed or order made against him, may apply for a
review of judgment to the Court which passed appealing from a decree or order may apply for a review of judgment notwithstanding the pendency
of an appeal by some other party except where the ground of such appeal is common to the applicant and the appellant, or when, being
respondent, he can present to the Appellate Court the case on which he applies for the review.
[Explanation. - The fact that the decision on a question of law on which the judgment of the Court is based has been reversed or modified by the
subsequent decision of a Superior Court in any case, shall not be a ground for the review of such judgment.]
9. In the present case, the review has been sought for on the ground that the law, as settled by the Apex Court in the case between Ramesh Chand
Ardawatiya Vs. Anil Panjwani, , has not been taken into proper consideration. If so, that is certainly a mistake or error, which demands review.
Moreover, review application can also be entertained for any other sufficient reason.
10. Having regard to the grievances, as ventilated in the application for review, I find no reason for standing in the way. It cannot be disputed that
non�consideration of a settled position of law, apart from everything else, is a sufficient ground for entertaining a review application.
11. In course of submission, reference was made to the decision of the Apex Court in the case between Mohd. Akram Ansari Vs. Chief Election
Officer and Others, . The Apex Court in the said case observed that ''there is a presumption in law that a judge deals with all the points which have
been pressed before him. It often happens that in a petition or appeal several points are taken in the memorandum of the petition or appeal, but at
the time of arguments only some of these points are pressed............ If a point is not mentioned in the judgment of a Court, the presumption is that
that point was never pressed before the learned judge and it was given up. However, that is a rebuttable presumption. In case the petitioner
contends that he had pressed that point also (which has not been dealt with in the impugned judgment), it is open to him to file an application
before the same learned Judge (or Bench) which delivered the impugned judgment and if he satisfies the Judge (or Bench) that the other points
were in fact pressed, but were not dealt with in the impugned judgment, it is open to the Court concerned to pass appropriate orders, including an
order of review...........
12. In the present case, it had been categorically claimed that the order dated 27.02.2008, which had been sought to be reviewed, does not reflect
consideration of the decision in the case of Ramesh Chandra (supra).
13. However, after due consideration of all relevant aspects, I am inclined to hold that the petitioner could succeed to establish that there is
sufficient reason for entertaining the instant application for review.
14. Referring to the decision of the Apex Court in the case between Mahendra Kumar and Another Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh and Others, , it
was submitted that a counter-claim can be filed, provided the cause of action had accrued to the defendant before the defendant had delivered his
defence or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired whether such counter-claim is in the nature of a claim for damages or not.
15. The crux of the controversy is, thus, whether the cause of action in the factual backdrop of the case under reference for the counter-claim had
arisen before the filing of the written statement or not. If the answer is yes, the counterclaim is certainly maintainable.
16. In Smt. Shanti Rani Das Dewanjee Vs. Dinesh Chandra Day (dead) by LRs., , the Apex Court referred to the earlier decision in the case
between Mahendra Kumar and Another Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh and Others, . It was submitted that right to file a counter-claim under Order
VIII Rule 6A of the CPC is referable to the date of accrual of the cause of action. If the cause of action had arisen before or after the filing of the
suit, and such cause of action continued up to the date of filing written statement or extended date of filing written statement, such counter-claim
can be filed even after filing the written statement.
17. The Apex Court in the case between Ramesh Chand Ardawatiya Vs. Anil Panjwani, shows that the counter-claim has necessarily to find its
place in the written statement. Once the right of the defendant to file a written statement has been lost or the time limited for delivery of the defence
has expired then neither can the written statement be filed as of right nor can a counter-claim be allowed to be raised. It was further held that the
Court has a discretion also to permit a written statement containing a plea in the nature of set-off or counter-claim to be filed belatedly but such
discretion should be exercised in a reasonable manner keeping in view all the facts and circumstances of the case.
18. Significantly enough, the Apex Court in the case between Gurbachan Singh Vs. Bhag Singh and others, observed that the Law Commission of
India had recommended, to avoid multiplicity of the proceedings, right to the defendants to raise the plea of set off in addition to a counter-claim in
Rule 6 in the same suit irrespective of the fact whether the cause of action for counter-claim or set off had accrued to defendant either before or
after the filing of the suit. The limitation was that the counter-claim or set off must be pleaded by way of defence in the written statement before the
defendant filed his written statement or before the time limit for delivering the written statement has expired, whether such counter-claim is in the
nature of a claim for damages or not.''
19. In Bollepanda P. Poonacha & Anr. v. K. M. Madapa, as reported in (SC) 2008 (3) CHN 90, it was observed that a right to file counter-
claim is an additional right. It may be filed in respect of any right or claim, the cause of action therefore, however, must accrue either before or after
the filing of the suit but before the defendant has raised his defence. It is found that the Apex Court in connection with the said case also referred to
the earlier decision in the case of Gurbachan Singh (supra) Apex Court in the case of Bollepanda P. Poonacha & Anr. (supra), referred to several
other earlier decisions including the case of Gurbachan Singh (supra) as well as Mahendra Kumar (supra).
20. While analyzing the provision of Order VIII Rule 6A, the Apex Court held that a right to file counter-claim is an additional right. It may be filed
in respect of any right or claim, the cause of action therefore, however, must either before or after filing of the suit but before the defendant has
raised his defence. While referring to the case of Ramesh Chand (supra), the Apex Court observed that a belated counter-claim must be
discouraged. It is for the Court to exercise the discretionary jurisdiction in a judicious manner. In the said case, the Apex Court held that ''while
considering that subservience of justice is the ultimate goal, the statutory limitation shall not be overstepped. Grant of relief will depend upon the
factual the observation that while there exists a statutory bar, the Court''s jurisdiction cannot be exercised.
21. After taking into consideration all relevant facts and circumstances of the present case and having regard to the findings of the Apex Court in
the cases, as referred to earlier, I am inclined to hold that this Court is called upon to adjudicate as to whether entertaining the counter-claim in the
present case after filing of the written statement would amount to overstepping the statute or not. So far the principles relating to the law precedent
are concerned, it is, perhaps, needless to mention that what is important is the ratio decidendi. Mere observation made by any Superior Court may
not necessarily have any binding force. What is to be treated as a precedent is a finding relating to a particular point of law. There are occasions
when different set of facts and circumstances are required to be dealt with and the principle of law as decided in one case may not be in regard to
the doctrine of sub silencio.
22. This reminds us of Professor T. B. Smith of Edinburgh University who said:
Why should a Court. which in the past clearly refused to be strictly bound by precedent (and has subsequently tied its own hands) not resume the
earlier and more equitable practice? It is astonishing to observe the most eminent legal minds of the country reacting to the prison of precedents (of
precedents which they recognize as unjust) like a child who has shut himself in a room and screams to be let out - presumably by the legislature"".
Attitude of Lord Denning to precedent can best be summed up in his own words:
Let it not be thought from this discourse that I am against the doctrine of precedent. I am not. It is the foundation of our system of case law: This
has evolved by broadening down from precedent to precedent. By standing by previous decisions we have kept the common law on good course.
All that I am against is its too strict application, a rigidity which insists that a bad precedent must necessarily be followed. I would treat it as you
would a path through the woods. You must follow it certainly, so as to reach your end. But you must not let the path become too overgrown. You
must cut out the dead wood and trim off the side branches, else you find yourself lost in the thickets and the brambles. My plea is simply to keep
the path to justice clear of obstructions which impede it.
23. Moreover, Lord Halsbury in Quinn v. Leathem said :
Every judgment must be read as applicable to the particular facts proved or assumed to be proved, since the generality of the expressions which
may be found there are not intended to be expositions of the whole law but govern and are qualified by the particular facts of the case in which
such expressions are to be found."" (Ref: Quinn v. Leathem [1901] AC 495 at 506).
24. It is settled law that a case is only authority for what it actually decides.
25. In the present case, the petitioner in C.O. No. 3417 of 2005 filed an application under Article 227 of the Constitution, being aggrieved by an
order of the learned trial Court whereby the plaintiff''s petition was rejected and the learned Court proceeded to entertain the counter-claim filed
by the defendant.
Order VIII Rule 6A reads:
Counter-claim by defendant. - (1) A defendant in a suit may, in addition to his right of pleading a set-off under Rule 6, set up, by way of counter-
claim against the claim of the plaintiff, any right or claim in respect of a cause of action accruing to the defendant against the plaintiff either before or
after the filing of the suit but before the defendant has delivered his defence or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired,
whether such counter-claim is in the nature of a claim for damages or not:
Provided that such counter-claim shall not exceed the pecuniary limits of the jurisdiction of the Court.
(2) Such counter-claim shall have the same effect as a cross-suit so as to enable the Court to pronounce a final judgment in the same suit, both on
the original claim and on the counter-claim.
(3) The plaintiff shall be at liberty to file a written statement in answer to the counter-claim of the defendant within such period as may be fixed by
the Court. (4) The counter-claim shall be treated as a plaint and governed by the rules applicable to plaints.
26. It, thus, appears that a counter-claim against the claim of the plaintiffs can be set up in respect of a cause of action accruing either before or
after filing of the suit but before the defendant has delivered his defence or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired. This Court
in its order dated 27th February, 2008 held that the restriction, thus, appears to be in respect of accrual of the cause of action. Such cause of
action is required to accrue either before or after filing of the suit but before filing of the written statement or before expiry of the time be said that
the ''cause of action'' for the counter-claim accrued after filing of the written statement or after expiry of the time for filing of defence. In order to
avoid multiplicity of proceedings and in the best interest of justice and in absence of any statutory restriction, such counter-claim deserves to be
entertained.
27. In the case under reference, the defendant filed written statement on 14th June, 2001. Thereafter, on 8th January, 2002, the defendant filed a
counter-claim under Order VIII Rule 6A of the Code of Civil Procedure. It was, thus, manifestly done after filing of the written statement. But
since the cause of action of such counter-claim cannot be said to have accrued after filing of the written statement, this Court finds no reason nor
any rational justification for not entertaining the same. Thus, the order of the learned trial Court whereby the counter-claim as set up was
entertained did not require any interference.
28. In such view of the matter, while entertaining the application under Order XLVII Rule 1 of the CP Code seeking review of this Court''s earlier
order dated 27th February, 2008, I do not find any merit in the grievances and it cannot also be said that there had been any mistake either factual
or legal, apparent on the face of the record justifying such review.
The present application, as such, fails and be dismissed.
There is no order as to costs.
Xerox certified copy of the judgment be supplied to the parties, if applied for, as expeditiously as possible.
