Ajay Kumar Mittal, J.@mdashThis order shall dispose of a bunch of eight appeals bearing I.T.A. Nos. 463, 464, 559 of 2009, 49, 51 and 217 to
219 of 2010 as according to the learned counsel for the parties, the primary issue involved therein is identical. For brevity, the facts are being
extracted from I.T.A. No. 463 of 2009. This appeal has been filed by the assessee u/s 260A of the income tax Act, 1961 (in short ""the Act""),
against the order dated January 22, 2009, passed by the income tax Appellate Tribunal, Amritsar Bench, Amritsar (hereinafter referred to as ""the
Tribunal"") in I.T.A. No. 352/ASR/ 2006 for the assessment year 2004-05. On May 24, 2010, all the appeals were admitted for determination of
the following substantial questions of law:
1. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the learned income tax Appellate Tribunal is justified in upholding the action of the
learned Assessing Officer, initiating the proceedings u/s 147 of the Act, on mere change of opinion on any other ground ?
2. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the plinths rental income is not assessable as income of association of persons and is
assessable as individual income of the co-owners ?
2. Briefly stated, the facts necessary for adjudication of the present appeal are that five persons, namely, S/Sh. Sunil Nagpal, Sudhir Nagpal, Raj
Kumar Nagpal, Adarsh Kumar Nagpal and Smt. Saraswati Nagpal were co-owners of the agricultural land known as ""Nagpal Farms"" inherited
from their forefathers situated at Old Fazilka Road, Abohar, and executed a general power of attorney on March 26, 1996, in favour of Sudhir
Nagpal appointing him to construct plinths on their joint agricultural land in the names of all the owners and to further lease out such open plinths to
any party on their behalf. The land was not purchased for the purpose and it was inherited by them and they were the owners not in their joint
capacity but in their individual capacity with a definite/defined proportion of share. Agreement dated November 15, 2002, was executed by the
co-owners leasing out the plinths to the Punjab State Civil Supplies Corporation Ltd., Chandigarh, for the period which included the period
assessable for the assessment year 2004-05. Sudhir Nagpal filed his return of income for the assessment year 2004-05 showing this central
income and also paid tax accordingly. Vide assessment order dated December 20, 2005, the rental income was duly included in the said
assessment. Similar returns were filed by the assessees in the cases of other co-owners wherever they were taxable and necessary tax was
deposited in the treasury in accordance with law. Thereafter, the Assessing Officer issued notice u/s 148 of the Act to all the co-owners of the
property in the name of Sudhir Nagpal and others on the ground that there is association of persons (AOP) made by the co-owners and that
income had escaped assessment in the hands of association of persons. The assessee was asked to file the return who filed return of income
declaring nil income. It was pleaded that since no land was purchased, therefore, the status of the co-owners cannot be treated as association of
persons and that the income of the plinths was assessed by the Department in the hands of individual as per their shares in the property. The
Assessing Officer, vide order dated October 10, 2007, assessed it as an association of persons treating the entire income from plinths as income
from other sources in the hands of association of persons determining tax payable by applying section 167B(2) of the Act. Against the order of the
Assessing Officer, an appeal was filed before the Commissioner of income tax (Appeals), Bathinda (in short ""the CIT(A)"") who, vide order dated
March 19, 2008, dismissed The appeal. Still feeling dissatisfied, the assessee filed an appeal before the Tribunal. The Tribunal, vide order dated
January 22, 2009, rejected the appeal holding that the proceedings u/s 147 of the Act have been rightly initiated and the income has rightly been
assessed as an association of persons. Hence, the present appeal by the assessee.
3. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and have perused the record.
4. Learned counsel for the appellant-assessee submitted that she does not press question No. 1. Accordingly, the same is disposed of as not
pressed. Addressing on question No. 2, learned counsel for the appellant submitted that with regard to the lease deed, the same was entered by
the co-owners for letting out plinths on rent to the Punjab Civil Supplies Corporation Ltd., Chandigarh, and was let out as co-owners whereas the
Assessing Officer, the Commissioner of income tax (Appeals) and the Tribunal had erred in treating the income as that belonging to the association
of persons. It was contended that unless the persons had joined hands as an association of persons for carrying on any venture, income therefrom
could not have been taxed as belonging to association of persons. It was also argued that while treating the co-owners as an association of
persons, the Assessing Officer had treated the income from other sources which was contrary to the basic principle that if joint venture was there
then income could be assessed as income from the business only. Reference was made to the following judgments:
(1) Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay Vs. Smt. Indira Balkrishna,
(2) Mohamed Noorullah, Representing The Estate of Late Khan Sahib Mohd. Oomer Sahib Vs. The Commissioner of Income Tax, Madras,
(3) Commissioner of Agricultural Income Tax, Hyderabad Vs. Raja Ratan Gopal,
(4) G. Murugesan and Brothers Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax , Madras,
(5) Smt. R. Valsala Amma Vs. Commissioner of Gift-tax, Kerala,
(6) Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. Shiv Sagar Estates (Aop), and
(7) Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. A.P. Parukutty Mooppilamma and Others,
5. On the strength of the aforesaid judgments, it was urged that unless there was joint management in a joint enterprise for producing the income,
profits or gains, the status of association of persons could not have been fastened on the assessee. It was pleaded that the test for constituting an
association of individuals as an association of persons was that they should have joined in a promotion of joint enterprise with the object of
producing income, profits or gains which was missing in the present case. Heavy reliance was placed on the decision of the Bombay High Court in
Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. Shiv Sagar Estates (Aop), in support of her submissions.
6. On the other hand, learned counsel for the Revenue opposing the prayer made by the learned counsel for the appellant supported the order
passed by the Tribunal. He submitted that since there was one joint account opened by the assessee, they were rightly assessed as an association
of persons and even Form 16A was issued in one name only.
7. After giving our thoughtful consideration to the respective submissions, we find considerable force in the submissions made by the learned
counsel for the appellants. The Tribunal had erred in coming to the conclusion that the status of the assessee would be an association of persons.
8. The core question that arises for adjudication in these appeals is whether the appellants are to be assessed as ""an association of persons"" or as
individuals"".
9. In I.T.A. Nos. 49, 51 and 217 to 219 of 2010, besides the aforementioned issue, the appellants have raised substantial question No. 2 therein
that the income arising from renting of plinths was assessable u/s 26 of the Act. At the outset, it may be noticed that in so far as the head under
which the income from rental of plinths is to be assessed, the same stands settled by the Division Bench judgment of this court in Gowardhan Das
and Sons Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, , wherein it has been held that it would fall under ""Income from other sources"" and not ""Income from
house property"". The relevant observations therein read thus (page 485):
A plain reading thereof provides that it is the income from property consisting of any ''building'' or ''land appurtenant thereto'' which is assessed u/s
22 of the Act and not the income from renting out of open land or some kutcha plinth only. In the present case, no building having been let out,
there is no question of treating the rent received for letting out of land only as income from house property.
What is covered by the expression ""appurtenant"" is the land which is necessary for enjoyment of the building and not the land only. Similar issue
came up for consideration before the Madras High Court in M. Ramalakshmi Reddi Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, where the issue was
decided against the assessee and in favour of the Revenue.
10. Accordingly, it is held that the rent received from letting out the plinths is assessable u/s 56 of the Act and, therefore, provisions of section 26
of the Act have no applicability.
11. Taking up the primary issue as to whether the assessee could be assessed in the status of ""an association of persons"" or not, it would be
appropriate to refer to ""person"" as defined in section 2(31) of the Act. The definition of ""person"" as given in this clause is inclusive and not
exhaustive. Section 2(31) of the Act reads thus:
2(31) ''person'' includes--
(i) an individual,
(ii) a Hindu undivided family,
(iii) a company,
(iv) a firm,
(v) an association of persons or a body of individuals, whether incorporated or not,
(vi) a local authority, and
(vii) every artificial juridical person, not falling within any of the preceding sub-clauses.
12. Under clause (i) of section 2(31), person includes ""an individual"" whereas under clause (v) thereof, it specifies ""an association of persons or a
body of individuals, whether incorporated or not."" For the just decision of these appeals, it would be essential to examine the meaning of the
expression ""an association of persons"".
13. The Act no where defines ""association of persons"". Reference shall have to be made to judicial precedents to discern the meaning of the said
expression. The hon''ble apex court in Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay Vs. Smt. Indira Balkrishna, , delving into the meaning of
association of persons"" noticed in paragraph 9 as under (page 551):
Now, section 3 imposes a tax ''in respect of the total income... of every individual Hindu undivided family, company and local authority, and of
every firm and other association of persons or the partners of the firm or members of the association individually. In the absence of any definition as
to what constitutes an association of persons, we must construe the words in their plain ordinary meaning and we must also bear in mind that the
words occur in a section which imposes a tax on the total income of each one of the units of assessment mentioned therein including an association
of persons. The meaning to be assigned to the words must take colour from the context in which they occur. A number of decisions have been
cited at the Bar bearing on the question, and our. attention has been drawn to the controversy as to whether the words ''association of individuals''
which occurred previously in the section should be read ejusdem generis with the word immediately preceding, viz.; firm or with all the other
groups of persons mentioned in the section. Into that controversy it is unnecessary to enter in the present case. Nor do we pause to consider the
widely differing characteristics of the three other associations mentioned in the section, viz., Hindu undivided family, a company and a firm, and
whether in view of the amendments made in 1939 the words in question can be read ejusdem generis with Hindu undivided family or company.
It is enough for our purpose to refer to three decisions: B. N. ELIAS AND OTHERS, IN RE., COMMISSIONER OF Income Tax, BOMBAY
Vs. LAXMIDAS DEVIDAS AND ANOTHER., and DWARAKANATH HARISCHANDRA PITALE AND ANOTHER Vs. RE., In re: B N.
Elias (supra) Derbyshire C.J. rightly pointed out that the word ''associate'' means, according to the Oxford Dictionary, ''to join in common
purpose, or to join in an action''. Therefore, an association of persons must be one in which two or more persons join in a common purpose or
common action, and as the words occur in a section which imposes a tax on income, the association must be one the object of which is to produce
income, profits or gains. This was the view expressed by Beaumont C.J. in CIT v. Laxmidas Devidas at page 589 and also in. In re: Dwarakanath
Harishchandra Pitale (supra). In re: B.N. Elias (supra), Costello J. put the test in more forceful language. He said: It may well be that the intention
of the Legislature was to hit combinations of individuals who were engaged together in some joint enterprise but did not in law constitute
partnership... When we find,... that there is a combination of persons formed for the promotion of a joint enterprise... then I think no difficulty
arises whatever in the way of saying that... these persons did constitute an association...
We think that the aforesaid decisions correctly lay down the crucial test for determining what is an association of persons within the meaning of
section 3 of the income tax Act, and they have been accepted and followed in a number of later decisions of different High Courts to all of which it
is unnecessary to call attention. It is, however, necessary to add some words of caution here. There is no formula of universal application as to
what'' facts, how many of them and of what nature, are necessary to come to a conclusion that there is an association of persons within the
meaning of section 3; it must depend on the particular facts and circumstances of each case as to whether the conclusion can be drawn or not.
14. The hon''ble Supreme. Court in Mohamed Noorullah, Representing The Estate of Late Khan Sahib Mohd. Oomer Sahib Vs. The
Commissioner of Income Tax, Madras, following its earlier decision in Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay Vs. Smt. Indira Balkrishna,
observed as under (page 119):
This court in Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay Vs. Smt. Indira Balkrishna, considered the question as to what an association of persons
means. The test laid down in three cases: B. N. ELIAS AND OTHERS, IN RE., COMMISSIONER OF Income Tax, BOMBAY Vs.
LAXMIDAS DEVIDAS AND ANOTHER., and DWARAKANATH HARISCHANDRA PITALE AND ANOTHER Vs. RE., was accepted
by this court as correctly laying down the crucial test for determining what is an association of persons and that in each case the conclusion has to
be drawn from the circumstances. In the first case, the test was laid down as applying to combinations of individuals who were engaged together in
some joint enterprise but not constituting a partnership. Such a combination of persons formed for the promotion of a joint enterprise banded
together as if they were ''co-adventurers'' it was held would constitute an association of individuals. In the second case, that is COMMISSIONER
OF Income Tax, BOMBAY Vs. LAXMIDAS DEVIDAS AND ANOTHER., Beaumont C.J. at page 589 laid down the test as follows:
In my opinion, the only limit to be imposed on the words ''other association of individuals'' is such as naturally follows from the fact that the words
appear in an Act imposing a tax on income, profits and gains, so that the association must be one which produces income, profits or gains. It seems
to me that an association of two or more persons for acquisition of property which is to be managed for the purpose of producing income, profits
or gains falls within the words other association of individuals'' in section 3; and u/s 9 of the Act, the association of individuals is the owner of the
property and as such is assessable.
In that case, it was also held that the fact that one of the assessees was a minor during the year of the assessment did not affect the question. In In
re: Dwarkanath Harischandra Pitale (supra) the assessees were two brothers who became entitled to certain house properties as tenants in
common and held and managed the properties as such and derived profit therefrom. It was held that though the assessees in the first instance-did
not constitute an association of individuals, they became so when they elected to retain the property and manage it as a joint venture producing
income. The test there laid down was that as soon as there was election to retain the property and manage it as a joint venture the persons so
electing became an association of individuals. The Rangoon High Court in AIR 1939 258 (Rangoon) (Rangoon) also laid down the same
interpretation of the words ''association of individuals''. That was a case of Mohammedan co-heirs and it was held that by merely inheriting a share
of property no person can become a member of an association of individuals unless there is some forbearance or act upon his part to show that his
intention and will accompanied the new status, that is, an association of individuals. One of the co-heirs in that case was appointed an agent to
realise the income from the properties left to the co-heirs by their father and mother under the Mohammedan law and that was held to be sufficient
to constitute them an association of individuals.
15. Relying upon its earlier decision in Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay Vs. Smt. Indira Balkrishna, and Mohamed Noorullah, Representing
The Estate of Late Khan Sahib Mohd. Oomer Sahib Vs. The Commissioner of Income Tax, Madras, , the hon''ble Supreme Court in
Commissioner of Agricultural Income Tax, Hyderabad Vs. Raja Ratan Gopal, in paragraph 2 noted as under (page 731):
The first question is whether the High Court was right in holding that the respondent should be assessed on his share of the income and not on the
income of the four brothers as ''association of individuals''. u/s 3 of the Act, for the financial year commencing on April 1, 1950, and for every
subsequent financial year, agricultural income tax shall be charged in accordance with and subject to the provisions of the Act on the total
agricultural income of the previous year of every person. ''Person'' has been defined in section 2(k) of the Act to mean ''any individual or
association of individuals, owning or holding property for himself or for any other, or partly for his own benefit and partly for another, either as
owner, trustee, receiver, common manager, administrator, or executor or in any capacity recognized by law, and includes an undivided Hindu
family, firm or company''. A combined reading of these two provisions indicates that assessment can be made on an individual or an association of
individuals. The question is whether the respondent should be assessed as an individual or along with his co-sharers as an ''association of
individuals.. The expression ''association of individuals'' was found in the Indian income tax Act, before the words ''AOP'' were substituted, by the
amendment Act of 1939. The word ""person"" is more comprehensive than the word ''individual''. But the meaning given to that expression as a unit
of assessment under the Indian income tax Act by the court will equally apply to the expression ''association of individuals'' under the Hyderabad
Agricultural income tax Act. This court in Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay Vs. Smt. Indira Balkrishna, construed the said expression used
in the Indian income tax Act and held that it did not apply to co-widows of a Hindu in the circumstance of that case. The three co-widows
succeeded as co-heirs to the estate of their deceased husband, and took a joint tenancy with the right of survivorship and equal beneficial
enjoyment. They were entitled as between themselves to an equal share of the income. Either of them could not enforce an absolute partition,
though for the purpose of convenience of enjoyment they could divide the property and enjoy their respective shares of the income therefrom. The
question arose whether they should be assessed as individuals or as an association of persons. Das J., speaking for the court, accepted the
following test to ascertain whether two or more persons constituted an ''association of individuals'' within the meaning of the income tax Act:
An association of persons must be one in which two or more persons join in a common purpose or common action, and as the words occur in a
section which imposes a tax on income, the association must be one the object of which is to produce income, profits or gains.
The learned judge then gives the caution that there is no formula of universal application and that the question must depend on the particular facts
and circumstances of each case. On the facts found in that case, the court held that the widows were only co-heirs of the estate of the deceased
husband and that they could not be assessed as an association of persons within the meaning of section 3 of the Indian income tax Act. This court
again in Mohamed Noorullah, Representing The Estate of Late Khan Sahib Mohd. Oomer Sahib Vs. The Commissioner of Income Tax, Madras,
considered the question in the context of an income realized by receivers appointed by consent of the heirs to run the business of the deceased,
Khan Saheb Mohmed Oomer Sahib. Kapur J., speaking for the court, laid down the same test accepted by this court in the earlier judgment and
held that on the facts of that case the co-heirs, who carried on the business by consent as one unit, formed an association of persons within the
meaning of section 3 of the Indian income tax Act, for the purpose of producing income, profits or gains. The said decisions laid down the test that,
to constitute an association of individuals two or more individuals should have joined in the promotion of a joint enterprise with the object of
producing income, profits or gains. In the present case, the said test is not satisfied. The four nephews of Raja Khaja Pershad succeeded to the
estate as co-sharers and each one of them was entitled to one-fourth share of the income from the estate. They did not form a unit for the
promotion of any joint enterprise to earn income, profits or gains. The collection of the entire income from the estate by one of the sharers or even
by a common employee will not make that income an income from a joint venture. Each of the sharers gets his income as an individual and not as
an association of individuals. In this view, the High Court was right in answering the first question in favour of the respondent.
16. Similar view was taken by the hon''ble apex court in G. Murugesan and Brothers Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax , Madras,
17. The Kerala High Court in Smt. R. Valsala Amma Vs. Commissioner of Gift-tax, Kerala, held that a joint gift made by two sisters to their
brothers by a common gift deed, the sisters having separate interest in the property would not make them taxable as an association of persons. The
Kerala High Court held that the two sisters who have conveyed the title to their brothers through a common gift deed could not be held to form an
association of persons as the title did not belong to the association of persons. It was observed as under (page 584):
In other words, the individuals who make the gift must be associated in respect of the title or ownership of the property which is transferred. To
put it differently, a gift must be one made by two or more individuals who own the property as an association of individuals. In our view, if two or
more persons execute one deed of gift in favour of the same person in respect of properties which belong to them individually, or in which they
have separate and distinct rights, it cannot make them an association of individuals. It would be a joint gift by different individuals, between whom
there is no association of interest in respect of the gifted properties.
18. Dealing with an identical issue, the Bombay High Court in Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. Shiv Sagar Estates (Aop), where 65 persons
purchased property not as an association of persons but as co-owners and there was no change in their status as co-owners qua the property, it
was held that the 65 persons who had purchased the property having definite and determinate shares could not be held as an association of
persons only on the ground that the lease was executed, by a single document. While adjudicating the issue in favour of the assessee, it was
observed (page 963):
We have carefully considered the rival submissions. We have already set out the facts of the case and also given our observations in regard thereto
at different places. So far as the law is concerned, it is well settled by the decision of the Supreme Court in Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay
Vs. Smt. Indira Balkrishna, In this case, the Supreme Court considered what constitutes an association of persons. It was held that an association
of persons must be one in which two or more persons join in a common purpose or common action, and as the words occur in a section which
imposes a tax on income, the association must be one the object of which is to produce income, profits or gains. The Supreme Court, however,
made it clear that there is no formula of universal application as to what facts, how many of them and of what nature, are necessary to come to a
conclusion that there is an association of persons. It must depend on the particular facts and circumstances of each case as to whether the
conclusion can be drawn or not. The court made it further clear that no test is conclusive or determinative.
19. Civil appeal against the aforesaid decision was dismissed by the hon''ble Supreme Court as reported in Commissioner of Income Tax Vs.
Shivsagar Estate,
20. From the above, it emerges that in order to assess individuals to be forming ""association of persons"", the individual co-owners should have
joined their resources and thereafter acquired property in the name of association of persons and the property should have been commonly
managed, only then it could be assessed in the hands of ""associations of persons"". Conversely, the mere accruing of income jointly to more persons
than one would not constitute thereon an association of persons in respect of such income. In other words, unless the associates have done some
acts or performed some operations together, which have helped to produce the income in question and have resulted in that income, they cannot
be termed as association of persons. Unless the members combine or join in a common purpose, it cannot be held that they have formed
themselves into an association of person. In the present case, the co-owners had inherited property from their ancestors and there was nothing to
show that they had acted as association of persons. The income was, thus, to be assessed in the status of ""individual"" and the Assessing Officer,
the Commissioner of income tax (Appeals) and the Tribunal were not right in treating the income arising to ""association of persons"". Once it is held
that the income was to be assessed as individual and not an ""association of persons"", therefore, section 167B of the Act is not attracted. In view of
the above, the conclusion of the Tribunal cannot be legally sustained. The income in the hands of the appellants could not be assessed in status of
association of persons. Accordingly, the appeals are allowed in the manner indicated above.
