Sudhindra Mohan Guha, J.@mdashThe question as referred to this court in the present reference is as follows :
Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, fees of Rs. 21,137 paid for revaluation of the assets by the assessee-company was
rightly allowed by the Tribunal as a deduction u/s 10(2)(xv) of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922?
2. The assessment relates to the year 1961-62 for which the relevant previous year ended on March 31, 1961.
3. The assessee-company was a manufacturer of oxygen and acetylene gas. It claimed an expenditure of Rs. 21,137 representing the fees paid by
it to M/s. Talbot & Co., Calcutta, in respect of their professional services of making a valuation report of the fixed assets of the company. The ITO
disallowed the claim holding the claim to be of capital nature. In appeal before the AAC, it was argued on behalf of the assessee that as a result of
revaluation of the assets of the assessee-company for which the payment was made, no asset or advantage of an enduring benefit had come into
existence and the only purpose of the revaluation was to improve the credit-worthiness of the company so that it could obtain loans for the purpose
of its business without difficulty or inconvenience. The AAC did not accept the argument of the assessee. But at the same time he made a reference
to the report of the directors dated May 1, 1961, to the shareholders of the assessee-company. Therein, it was stated :
The value of the fixed assets of the company as appearing in the balance-sheet was disproportionate to their present day valuation and the
directors, therefore, considered it fair that these assets may be revalued by expert valuers to bring them in line with the present day valuation in the
balance-sheet. The result of this has been an increase in the fixed assets valuation to the extent of Rs. 26,96,000, which has been debited to the
fixed assets and a capital reserve to this extent has been credited in the balance-sheet.
4. But the AAC opined that these affected the capital structure of the company and, therefore, the expenditure incurred for the same had been
secured by the assessee on the hypothecation of its stocks and the valuation of its fixed assets had nothing to do with the obtaining of the loan from
the banks. The order passed by the ITO was, accordingly, confirmed.
5. The assessee came in further appeal to the Tribunal. The arguments made before the AAC were reiterated before the Tribunal on behalf of the
assessee. On behalf of the department, however, it was contended that the expenditure was clearly not incurred for the day to day operational
activities of the assessee and related to the capital structure of the company and was, therefore, capital in nature.
6. The Tribunal, however, on a consideration of the arguments advanced by both the parties, came to the conclusion that the expenditure was
clearly revenue in nature. According to it, the assessee had not acquired any new capital asset through the process of revaluation. No advantage of
any enduring nature was also obtained by this process. The assets and liabilities of the assessee continued to remain the same except that their
valuation was shown at higher figures in the books of account. So, such an expenditure, in the opinion of the Tribunal, could not be categorised as
capital expenditure, and deleted the addition.
7. On behalf of the revenue, the decision of the Division Bench of this court in the case of Assam Bengal Cement Co. Ltd., Calcutta Vs.
Commissioner of Income Tax, West Bengal, Calcutta, was referred. In this case, tests have been laid down for ascertaining the distinction between
the capital and revenue expenditure. Capital expenditure was a fee that was going to be spent once for all, whereas an income expenditure was a
thing that was going to recur every year. While disposing of the case, their Lordships referred to certain English cases which were discussed at p.
49 of the report. It would be of some use, if we quote the lines whereby such distinction had been drawn by the English courts :
'' When'', he said, ''an expenditure is made, not only once and for all, but with a view to bringing into existence an asset or an advantage for the
enduring benefit of a trade,...there is very good reason (in the absence of special circumstances leading to an opposite conclusion) for treating such
an expenditure as properly attributable not to revenue but to capital''. To a certain extent this proposition was founded on what Scrutton L.J. had
said in the same case in the Court of Appeal and it had been anticipated by Rowlatt J. in Ounsworth v. Victors Ltd. [1915] 3 KB 267; 6 TC 671
(KB). But it was the first full statement of the whole principle and it has since served as the basic text of the rule, subsidiary propositions being
added from time to time by way of explanation or commentary. Thus, with reference to ''enduring benefit'', Rowlatt J., said in the case of Anglo-
Persian Oil Co. v. Dale [1932] 1 KB 124; 16 TC 253 (CA) that the benefit must endure in the way that fixed capital endures and not in the sense
that for a good number of years it relieves the business of a revenue payment. This interpretation of ''enduring benefit'' has been universally
accepted and approving of it in the same case in the Court of Appeal, Romer L.J. said that the benefit secured to the business must be a capital
benefit. ''Enduring'', however, it was explained by the Parcq L.J., in the case of HENRIKSEN (INSPECTOR OF TAXES) Vs. GRAFTON
HOTEL LTD., does not mean '' everlasting'', but only means that the benefit must be of sufficient durability to justify its being treated as a capital
asset. The asset need not be anything tangible (per Lawrence J., in Collins v. Joseph Adamson and Co. [1938] 1 KB 477 ; 21 TC 400 (KB) nor
capable of being shown at a value in the balance-sheet [per Lord Greene M.R., in Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd. v. Kerr
[1945] 27 TC 103 (CA)], but may even be of a negative character (per Romer L.J., in Anglo-Persian Oil Co. v. Dale). Again, it is not necessary
that some asset or advantage should actually be brought into existence. Expenditure is to be attributed to capital, if it is made with a view to
acquiring some asset or advantage of enduring benefit: it is not further necessary that it should have that result (per Romer L.J., ibid).
8. Again a reference was made in this very decision to an Australian case of Sun Newspapers Ltd. and Associated Newspapers Ltd. v. Federal
Commissioner of Taxation [1938] 61 CLR 337. It was held that though no material asset was acquired and the payment was made while carrying
on business to safeguard the profits by securing monopoly and preventing competition, the outlay was capital expenditure because apart from other
reasons it concerned the reinforcement of profit-yielding subject, the instrument for earning profits and was not concerned with the use or
employment of that instrument for the profit-earning purpose. It is argued by Mr. B.K. Bagchi, relying on this decision, that in this very case no
material asset was acquired. So the deduction was rightly refused by the AAC. It is true that no material asset was acquired, but the expenditure
was made with a definite purpose. This case could be very well distinguished from the facts and circumstances of the case in hand.
9. The Supreme Court considered the distinction between capital expender ture and revenue expenditure in an appeal from the decision of the
Calcutta High Court in the case of Assam Bengal Cement Co. Ltd. Vs. The Commissioner of Income Tax, West Bengal, of the report, their
Lordships observed as follows :
In cases where the expenditure is made for the initial outlay or for extension of a business or a substantial replacement of the equipment, there is
no doubt that it is a capital expenditure. A capital asset of the business is either acquired or extended or substantially replaced and that outlay
whatever be its source whether it is drawn from the capital or the income of the concern is certainly in the nature of capital expenditure. The
question, however, arises for consideration where the expenditure is incurred while the business is going on and is not incurred either for extension
of the business or for the substantial replacement of its equipment. Such expenditure can be looked at either from the point of view of what is
acquired or from the point of view of what is the source from which the expenditure is incurred. If the expenditure is made for acquiring or bringing
into existence an asset or advantage for the enduring benefit of the business it is properly attributable to capital and is of the nature of capital
expenditure. If, on the other hand, it is made not for the purpose of bringing into existence any such asset or advantage but for running the business
or working it with a view to produce the profits it is a revenue expenditure.
10. Next reference is made to another decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Commissioner of Income Tax, West Bengal II, Calcutta Vs.
Coal Shipment (P) Ltd., , it is stated therein :
The character of the payment can be determined, it was added, by looking at what is the true nature of the asset which has been acquired and not
by the fact whether it is a payment in a lump sum or by instalments. It is also an accepted proposition that the words ''permanent'' and ''enduring''
are only relative terms and not synonymous with perpetual or everlasting.
11. In the case of Lakshmiji Sugar Mills Co. P. Ltd. Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, New Delhi, , wherein also to find out the distinction
between the capital expenditure and revenue expenditure, their Lordships quoted the passage of the judgment of Assam Bengal Cement Co. Ltd.
Vs. The Commissioner of Income Tax, West Bengal, which runs as follows :
If the expenditure is made for acquiring or bringing into existence an asset or advantage for the enduring benefit of the business it is properly
attributable to capital and is of the nature of capital expenditure.
If, on the other hand, it is made not for the purpose of bringing into existence any such asset or advantage but for running the business or working it
with a view to produce the profits it is a revenue expenditure.
12. Next reference is made to the decision of the Madras High Court in the case of Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. T.V. Sundaram Iyengar and
Sons (P.) Ltd., . In this case, the assessee-company purchased land in the name of the District Collector, Madurai, for the purpose of constructing
houses for the company''s workers by the Government under the subsidised industrial housing scheme and sponsored by the State Government
and claimed certain sums being the purchase price as a deduction u/s 10(2)(xv) of the Indian I.T. Act, 1922, as being in the nature of welfare
expenses. The departmental authorities rejected this claim, but the Tribunal upheld the claim on the ground that the expenditure was incurred
wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the business of the assessee and the assessee had not acquired any capital asset of an enduring nature nor
had any enduring benefit accrued to the assessee by the purchase. Further, as similar expenditure had to be incurred year after year, it could not be
said that the expenditure had been incurred once and for all. On a reference to the Supreme Court, it was held : (i) that the expenditure was
incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the business of the assessee-company; (ii) that the assessee-company had not acquired for itself
any capital asset. Thus, the amount in question was a permissible deduction as a revenue expenditure.
13. The Himachal Pradesh High Court again in the case of Mohan Meakin Breweries Ltd. v. CIT (No. 2) [1919] 117 ITR 505 , while
distinguishing capital and revenue expenditure, reiterated the principles discussed above.
14. This court again in the case of Hindustan Gas and Industries Ltd. Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, , held that in such a case the onus was
always on the assessee to prove the nature and character of the expenditure and in the facts and circumstances of that case it was held that the
expenditure incurred for payment of legal charges to solicitors on the issue of a prospectus for offering redeemable preference shares to the public
and payment of underwriting commission and brokerage for the issue of the same was capital expenditure and not revenue expenditure.
15. The Bombay High Court had also occasion to consider the question of onus in the case of Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. Ballarpur
Industries Ltd., . In this case also as the assessee could not discharge the onus that lay on him to prove that the item of expenditure in question was
not of a capital nature, the amount could not be allowed as a deduction.
16. In the case of COMMISSIONER OF Income Tax MADRAS Vs. MAHARAJAH OF PITHAPURAM., , Lawrence J. had considered the
distinction between capital and revenue expenditure. In this case, the legal expenses incurred by the assessee-company for defending its title to its
assets were held as revenue expenditure, for, the legal expenses did not create any asset at all, but were expenses incurred in the ordinary course
of maintaining the assets of the company. As to the payment, his Lordship opined that for the payment to be properly attributable to capital or to
revenue, the principle was that where a sum of money was laid out for the acquisition or the improving of a fixed capital asset it was attributable to
capital. But if no alteration is made in the fixed capital asset by the payment, then it was properly attributable to revenue being in substance a matter
of maintenance, the maintenance of the capital structure or the capital asset of the company. The Supreme Court cited this case of
COMMISSIONER OF Income Tax MADRAS Vs. MAHARAJAH OF PITHAPURAM., in the case of COMMISSIONER OF Income Tax,
BOMBAY Vs. FINLAY MILLS LIMITED., , with approval and, applying the principle of it, held that the fees payable in respect of registration
of trade mark were revenue in nature.
17. Before the authorities below on behalf of the assessee reliance was placed on the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of India Cements
Ltd. Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, Madras, . In this case, the assessee obtained a loan of Rs. 40 lakhs from the Industrial Finance
Corporation secured by a charge on its fixed assets. In connection therewith, it spent a sum of Rs. 84,633 towards stamp duty, registration fees,
lawyers'' fees, etc., and claimed this amount as business expenditure. It was held that the amount spent was not in the nature of capital expenditure
and was laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the assessee''s business and was, therefore, allowable as a deduction u/s
10(2)(xv) of the Indian I.T. Act, 1922.
18. It is further held that where there is no express prohibition, an outgoing, by means of which the assessee, procured the use of a thing, by which
he makes profit, is deductible from the receipts of the business to ascertain the taxable income. The loan obtained cannot be treated as an asset or
an advantage for the enduring benefit of the business of the assessee. Reference is also made to the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of
BOMBAY STEAM NAVIGATION CO. (1953) PRIVATE LTD. Vs. COMMISSIONER OF Income Tax, BOMBAY., . In this case,
pursuant to a scheme of amalgamation between two shipping companies, the assessee-company was incorporated on August 10, 1953, to take
over certain passenger and ferry services carried on by one of the former. On August 12, 1953, the assessee-company took over the assets,
which were finally valued at Rs. 81,55,000 and agreed that the price was to be satisfied partly by the allotment of Rs. 29,990 fully paid up shares
of Rs. 100 each and the balance was to be treated as a loan and secured by a promissory note and hypothecation of all immovable properties of
the assessee-company. The balance remaining unpaid from time to time was to carry simple interest at 6 per cent. By a supplemental agreement,
the original agreement was modified to the effect that the balance would be paid by the assessee-company until it was paid in full. The assessee-
company was to pay simple interest at 6 per cent, per annum on so much of the balance as remained due. The balance was also to be secured by
the hypothecation of all the movable properties of the assessee-company. During the relevant accounting years, the assessee paid interest as
balance outstanding and the question was whether the interest paid was allowable as a deduction u/s 10(2)(iii) or (xv) of the Indian I.T. Act, 1922,
in computing its profits. Their Lordships observed that in considering whether the expenditure was revenue expenditure, the court had to consider
the nature of the ordinary course of business and the objects for which the expenditure is incurred. The question whether a particular expenditure is
a revenue expenditure, incurred for the purpose of the business, must be reviewed in the larger context of business necessity or expediency. If the
outgoing or an expenditure is so related to the carrying on or conduct of the business that it may be regarded as an integral part of the profit earning
process and not for the acquisition of an asset or a right of a permanent character, the possession of which is a condition to the carrying on of the
business, the expenditure may be regarded as revenue expenditure.
19. Last of all, a reference may be made to the decision of the Kerala High Court in the case of Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. Commonwealth
Trust Ltd., , the facts of which were almost similar to the facts and circumstances of the present case. In this case, an expenditure for valuation of a
building and machinery of the assessee was found to be an allowable deduction as the expenditure incurred by the assessee towards valuation of its
properties was one wholly and exclusively for the purpose of its business. While agreeing with the findings of the Tribunal, their Lordships
observed that it was in accordance with sound commercial practice to see that the building and machinery of the assessee were kept and
maintained in a good state of efficiency for their work and functioning and valuation of these by the assessee, in the circumstances, must be
regarded as an expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the business. There, the Tribunal''s order allowing that head of claim
for deduction was upheld.
20. On a consideration of the decisions discussed above, it appears that in order to find out the distinction between capital and revenue
expenditure, it is to be seen whether the expenditure would bring into existence an asset or advantage for the enduring benefit of a business. In the
present case, the assessee did not appear to have acquired any new capital asset at all. But, only the existing assets were valued afresh and in the
books of account the valuation was shown at higher figures for the purpose mainly to display the financial position of the assessee in a better way
so that it may facilitate the carrying on of the business more efficiently and smoothly.
21. In the above premises, we hold that the Tribunal was perfectly justified in holding the expenditure in question as revenue in nature and as such
deductible u/s 10(2)(xv) of the Indian I.T. Act, 1922, and, accordingly, we answer the question in the affirmative and in favour of the assessee.
22. There will, however, be no order as to costs.
Sabyasachi Mukharji, J.
23. I agree.