Swatanter Kumar, C.J.@mdashSimple but pertinent questions of law arise for consideration in this Petition u/s 11 of the Arbitration and
Conciliation Act, 1996 ( hereinafter referred to as the ""Act"" ). On behalf of the Applicant, it is contended that the parties had not appointed any
Arbitrator and Shri Rozal Mehta, Respondent No. 2 who had acted as a Conciliator and resultantly acquired disqualification for being nominated
as an Arbitrator. Thus Respondent No. 2 cannot be appointed as an Arbitrator in terms of Section 11(8)(b) of the Act. The Applicant, thus, prays
for an appointment of an independent Arbitrator.
2. On the other hand, the Respondent No. 1 objects to the very maintainability of the present Petition, as it contends that Respondent No. 2 was
appointed and had acted as an Arbitrator thus the mandate of an Arbitrator could be revoked or substituted only upon a petition being filed
satisfying the grounds and reasons stated in Section 12(15) of the Act and such a Petition u/s 11 of the Act is not maintainable and is
misconceived. In order to examine the merits or otherwise of these contentions, reference to the basic facts of the case is necessary. Mahindra and
Mahindra Limited entered into an agreement with Respondent No. 1 for developing an immovable property situated at 2529, Dr. Ambedkar
Road, Mumbai. Mahindra and Mahindra Limited, by virtue of a scheme presented in the Court was amalgamated with the Company known as
Gesco Corporation Ltd. and by an order dated 24th October, 2001 the merger was allowed. Gesco Corporation Limited came into existence. On
or about 24th December, 2002, Gesco Corporation Ltd. changed its name to Mahindra Gesco Developers Ltd. Again on 25th October, 2007,
Mahindra Gesco Corporation Ltd. changed its name into Mahindra Lifespace Developers Ltd., the Applicant in the present case. The Applicant
and Respondent No. 1 executed a Composite Service Agreement on 14th July, 1995. This agreement read with the original Memorandum of
Understanding provided for detail terms and conditions for execution of the development of the property. The Applicant took several steps to
develop the property. According to the Applicant, because of non cooperative attitude adopted by the Respondent No. 1 and despite at the
Applicant rendering financial assistance the contract could not be concluded as desired.
3. According to the Applicant, it was willing to perform all its obligations under the terms and conditions of the agreement and even had advanced
monies in excess of Rs. 35 crores to Respondent No. 1 besides putting in a lot of time and labour. In the long past years, the parties had been
meeting, negotiations had taken place but nothing could be successfully concluded. Respondent No. 2 was the named arbitrator under the terms of
the Agreement. He had also participated in various meetings between the parties which did not result in any decision. Clause 19 of the Composite
Service Agreement provided for reference to the sole Arbitrator to adjudicate the disputes and differences which may arise between the parties.
The clause reads as under:
19. All disputes and differences between the parties hereto including interpretation of any clause herein contained arising out of or under this
Agreement shall be referred to the sole arbitration of Mr Rozal Mehta, or in the event of his non availability Mr. .. whose decision shall be final and
binding on the parties hereto. The arbitration proceedings shall be held in Bombay and shall be in accordance with and subject to the provisions of
the Indian Arbitration Act, 1940 or any statutory modification or reenactment thereof for the time being in force.
3. Respondent No. 2 vide his letter dated 7th January, 1996 had made certain suggestions and had also referred to offers made by Kanoria i.e.
Representative of Respondent No. 1. He even commented upon the extent of profit that the parties could make by the executing of the project.
The Respondent No. 1 vide its letter dated 21st June, 1996 addressed to the Executive Director of the Applicant while refuting the allegations
made in the letter of the Applicant dated 7th January, 1996 also referred with some emphasis on the participation of Respondent No. 2. The
relevant portion of the said letter reads as under:
...Your letter further mentions the submission of certain papers by NGE but unfortunately does not go on to elaborate the reasons behind the same
remaining pending which you are aware of and so is Mr. Rozal Mehta. In case there remains any confusion on this score in your mind I suggest you
may have a fresh and detailed discussion once again with Mr. Rozal Mehta who has repeatedly assured me that all such issues have been
thoroughly and repeatedly discussed by him with M & M and on the basis of which assured me on several occasions that they would be
satisfactorily resolved but which unfortunately continue to remain pending.
With regard to you suggestion for a meeting we may do so at any time suitable to you after 3.30 p.m. Tomorrow. The presence of Mr. Rozal
Mehta in the discussions would be most helpful as he is closely aware of all developments.
4. Vide letter dated 4th December, 1996 the Respondent No. 1 informed the Applicant that Shri Rozal Mehta should speak to both the parties
separately and try to bridge the gap. A meeting between the parties appears to have been held on 7th October, 2002 wherein matters regarding
money to be advanced to Applicant were discussed and it was also decided that the arbitration process shall proceed in parallel to the
development of project and Shri Rozal Mehta, Respondent No. 2 to be provided legal assistance by either of the parties. Vide letter dated 5th
June, 2003 the Respondent No. 1 again wrote to the Applicant in furtherance to the meeting held on 7th October, 2002 indicating the need for
setting aside the arbitration process, opted for mediation and called upon a positive response from the Applicant.
5. Again Shri Rozal Mehta, Respondent No. 2, had on 1st April, 2003 written a private and confidential letter and had noticed, in furtherance to
the discussion that took place between Kanti Kanoria, and Hemant that no formal arbitration would take place and the parties would, in a sealed
cover, submit their claims and process of mediation would start. The terms of mediation were put to the parties. It was also stated by Respondent
No. 2 that it was virtually impossible for him to wear two hats i.e. one of an Arbitrator and the other of a Mediator, and he would prefer the role of
Mediator. Vide letter dated 15th January, 2008 the Applicant wrote to the Respondent No. 1 that there were disputes between the parties and
they should be referred to an independent arbitrator to be appointed by the parties. This letter was responded by Respondent No. 1, by its letter
dated 23rd January, 2008, stating that it would agree to have the disputes between the parties referred to arbitration in terms of Clause 19 to Shri
Rozal J. Mehta, Respondent No. 2 herein. To this, the Applicant raised an objection and stated that instead of providing legal assistance to Shri
Rozal Mehta, it will be better to appoint an independent arbitrator. However, vide letter dated 16th February, 2008, Respondent No. 1 reiterated
that the arbitration would be only before Respondent No. 2 and it was not willing for his substitution. In the light of these facts, the Applicant filed
the present petition u/s 11(2) and 11(6) read with Section 80 of the Act for appointment of a suitable person to act as a Sole Arbitrator and refer
the disputes between the parties to such an Arbitrator.
6. From the above narrated facts, it is clear that there is no dispute either to the execution or the existence of the arbitration agreement. The dispute
only relates to the appointment of a Sole Arbitrator in the backdrop of the contentions raised by the learned Counsel appearing for the parties.
First of all it needs to be noticed that Clause 19 of the Composite Service Agreement, the arbitration clause contained in the main Agreement
between the parties refers to the appointment of a named Sole Arbitrator but at the same time the expression ""or in the event of his non availability
Mr. ___ whose decision shall be final and binding on the parties thereto"" indicates that the agreement between the parties had contemplated non
availability of Respondent No. 2 to act as a Sole Arbitrator and name of the substitute/alternate Arbitrator was left blank, thus leaving it open for
appointment of any other Sole Arbitrator other than Respondent No. 2. This construction itself may not be absolutely befitting but in the facts and
circumstances of the case it is of some significance. From the documents afore referred, it is clear that Respondent No. 2 had been acting in once
capacity or the other in order to bring the parties to a compromise. He, vide his letter dated 7th January, 1996, had even projected the minimum
profits resulting from the execution of the project. Respondent No. 1 vide its different letters including 4th December, 1996 had indicated that
Respondent No. 2 understood the points of view of the parties, should meet them separately and try to bridge the gap. Thus, there is no document
on record which in unambiguous terms appoints by consent of the parties Respondent No. 2 as Sole Arbitrator. On the contrary, as noticed by
Respondent No. 2 himself, he had been wearing different hats from time to time. According to Respondent No. 2, he had indicated that he would
prefer to resolve the disputes between the parties as a Mediator. A Mediator is a term having distinct with connotation and distinct functions and
obligations to that of an Arbitrator. An Arbitrator is primarily a Tribunal to resolve the dispute by adjudicative process in accordance with law. In
the letter of 1st April, 2003, it was specifically recorded ""on Friday the 28th March 2003 wherein we had agreed that no formal arbitration would
take place."" These words clearly indicate that the parties had decided not to pursue the arbitral forum even if it had commenced. There are serious
contentions raised even to this aspect of the matter as to whether the sole arbitrator had entered upon the reference and had in fact conducted
arbitration proceedings at any stage. Firstly, it is not quite certain, at least the Court is not convinced that Shri Rozal Mehta had been appointed as
a sole arbitrator in accordance with law and he had acted as the sole arbitrator to adjudicate differences and/or disputes between the parties. The
emphasis of the Applicant is that Respondent No. 2 had acted as a Mediator and the correspondence exchanged by him as well as his conduct
with the parties is that of a Mediator and not that of an arbitrator. No attempts had been made by him to settle the dispute between the parties by
adjudication process and that he had clearly worked as a Conciliator or Mediator between the parties, also had tried to bring them together and in
fact had even put forth the proposal of one side the parties with greater emphasis to that correspondence. The Agreement dated 14th July, 1995
was subsisting and was treated as effective and binding between the parties as late as on 27th November, 2007. While referring to the letter dated
30th October, 2007 wherein the Applicant informed Respondent No. 1, after noticing the four options which even included that the decision of the
sole arbitrator shall be final and bind. The Applicant had clearly stated that it, in view of the conduct of the parties, reserved its right to chose one
of the options at an appropriate time. In other words, the parties were not ad idem that Shri Rozal Mehta, Respondent No. 2 had actually acted as
the sole arbitrator. In various correspondence exchanged between the parties, which has already been referred by the Court, there is no
unambiguous or definite record to show that Respondent No. 2 had been appointed as the sole arbitrator and he had so acted in that capacity.
Once that is not so, the question of removing the arbitrator for making an appointment in his place would hardly arise and the contention of the
Respondent No. 1 that the present Application u/s 11 of the Act is not maintainable is without substance and merit. The provisions of Sections 12
to 14 would be invocable only when there is a mandate for appointment of an arbitrator which can be revoked in the facts and circumstances of a
case.
7. There is definite documentation on record to show that Respondent No. 2 acted as a Mediator or Conciliator and always attempted to
reconcile the dispute between the parties by mutual agreement and persuasion. In fact, as already noticed, he himself in his letter dated 1st April,
2003 had noticed that during the discussions between the parties and him, it was agreed that the process of mediation would start on both parties
submitting their claims in sealed envolope, and had clearly stated that he could not wear two hats, i.e. one of an Arbitrator and the other of a
Mediator. He had also stated that he had been acting as an Mediator and would step down as an Mediator when ever his role as an Arbitrator
would be called for and would look into the matter. The letter dated 21st June, 1996 (Exhibit13 C) indicates that Respondent No. 2 was present
in all the meetings between the parties. It also refers to discussion of Respondent No. 2 with one party and consequent assurances being given to
the other party. Vide letter dated 15th January, 2008, the Applicant had clearly stated that the arbitration agreement should be invoked and had
requested for an appointment of any independent arbitrator. The distinction between the arbitration and mediation is well known and accepted
now. The arbitration in no uncertain terms is an adjudication process which an arbitral tribunal performs in accordance with law while mediation is
a conflict resolution method where a neutral person facilitates discussions between the parties in an attempt to get the parties to reach an agreement
that is mutually agreeable to both the parties. In short mediation is a method to dissolve disagreement designed to help disputing parties resolve
their own dispute even without obtaining legal counsel. It is a non adversarial approach to conflict resolution and the approach of mediator is to
encourage mutual agreement rather than to impose a settlement. It is not simplicitor a remedy but a system having appropriate of dispute resolution.
One must remember that litigant should not feel that by resorting to mediation he is going to get justice of second class. Legitimacy of action of
court in referring matter to mediation depends upon quality of mediation process which is offered. It is, therefore, important to keep in mind the
objectives of mediation.
(i) It is to facilitate parties resolving dispute themselves;
(ii) To provide fair and expeditious ADR process;
(iii) To provide effective and cost effective ADR process;
(iv) To provide informal ADR process.
For all kinds of mediation, the basic training of a mediator is for transforming ""No"" to ""I will think over the solution"" and further to ""I think it is a
better solution"". It definitely would require specialised communication skills. Mediator has to apply universal principles of persuation in the process
of mediation. Cialdini has stated six such principles, namely,
(a) Reciprocity : People feel obligated to give back to others who have given to them.
(b) Linking : We prefer to say ""yes"" to those we know and like.
(c) Consensus : People decide what''s appropriate for them to do in a situation by examining and following what others are doing.
(d) Authority : People rely on those with superior knowledge or perspective for guidance on how to respond AND what decision to make.
(e) Consistency : Once we make a choice/take a stand, we will encounter personal and interpersonal pressure to behave consistently with that
commitment.
(f) Scarcity : Opportunities appear more valuable when they are less available.
8. The role of Respondent No. 2 as reflected from the record on the Court file was primarily that of a mediator and not that of an arbitrator. There
is no much doubt that Respondent No. 2 had acted as Mediator or Conciliator between the parties and had put forward a point of view of one
party to the other. Thus, in view of a fine distinction between the Conciliator and Arbitrator, the action is not a greater significance in the present
case, and as held in Salem Advocate Bar Association, Tamil Nadu Vs. Union of India (UOI), , that ""in conciliation, there is a little more latitude
and a conciliator can suggest some terms of settlements too."" Attempts made by Respondent No. 2 were actually for resolving the disputes
between the parties by recourse to the process of mediation rather than by adjudication process. He talked to the parties individually, putforth
proposal of one party to the other and tried to bring up a commonly acceptable solution to their problems. Thus, this is not a function of an
arbitrator. Another way of looking at it is as to what the parties actually understood and practiced as a result of the role played by Respondent No.
2. As far as the Applicant is concerned, all throughout, it took up the stand as to whether Respondent No. 2 should act as a Conciliator or
Mediator and ultimately requested for an independent arbitrator because of the bar contained in Section 80 of the Act. The Respondents No. 1
did aver in the correspondence that Respondent No. 2 acted as an arbitrator but he himself made it clear that he was acting as Mediator and
would give up that role and consider the role of an arbitrator as and when occasion arose. It may not be absolutely essential for this Court to
examine in a greater detail when there is a bar contained in Section 80 of the Act. Because it would always be better and in the interest of justice to
appoint an arbitrator in which both the parties have failed and where there is no genuine apprehension or bias. The Applicant had made certain
averments in his Arbitration Application and resultantly had asked for an appointment of an independent arbitrator. The provisions of Section 80 of
the Act are pleaded as a bar to the appointment of Respondent No. 2 as an arbitrator. At this stage, it may be appropriate to refer to the
arbitration clause between the parties. Clause 19 states that ""All disputes and differences between the parties hereto including interpretation of any
clause herein contained arising out of or under this Agreement shall be referred to the sole arbitration of Mr. Rozal Mehta, or in the event of his non
availability Mr. ...whose decision shall be final and binding on the parties thereto."" In other words, the parties had contemplated and the arbitration
clause so specifically provides that some other sole arbitrator could be appointed in the event Respondent No. 2 could not be available for any
reason. No prejudice will be caused to any of the parties into proceedings and it would be in the interest of justice, equity and good conscious that
some other person is appointed as Sole Arbitrator in terms of Clause 19 of the Agreement between the parties rather than Respondent No. 2.
9. The parties infact can agitate their controverted contentions even before the Arbitrator. This being an Application for appointment of an
Arbitrator, there is limited scope for this Court to play larger role, as the contentions are left open to be urged before the Learned Arbitrator in
terms of Section 16 of the Act.
10. Resultantly, Shri S.P. Bharucha, former Chief Justice of India is appointed as Sole Arbitrator to enter upon reference to adjudicate the disputes
between the parties.
11. The Arbitration Application is allowed and accordingly stands disposed of. No order as to costs.
