P.D. Desai. C.J.
1. The petitioners have have instituted the present petition seeking the reliefs, inter alia, that the mining lease for the excavation of limestone from
Khasra No. 2107/1979/1 situate in village Sangrah, Tehsil Renuka, District Sirmaur, granted in favour of the third respondent by the first
respondent (State of Himachal Pradesh) be ordered to be cancelled, that the third respondent be restrained from operating the mines covered by
the lease in such a manner as to pose danger to the adjoining lands, water resources, pastures, forests, wildlife, ecology, environment and
inhabitants of the illaqua, that a Commission be appointed to assess the damage caused to the environment, ecology, natural resources, inhabitants
of the illaqua and the right-holders of village Sangrah as a result of the uncontrolled quarrying of the limestone by the third respondent and the
respondents be directed to pay compensation for such damage, that the State Government be directed to prepare a scheme for treating the land,
water resources, pastures, forests, wildlife, ecology and environment and for repairing the damage ef al.
2. The petition, which is in the nature of a social action litigation, was instituted on March 31, 1987 and it was notified for preliminary hearing on
April 8, 1987. The learned counsel for the petitioners was permitted on that day to place on record an article published in the daily edition dated
April 6, 1987 of the ""Indian Express"" under the heading ""Progress or People''s Nightmare"" which purports to highlight the damage caused to the
Shivalik hills in the Sirmaur District which are being ""ruthlessly blasted for extracting limestone"" and the danger and hazards faced by the inhabitants
and the disturbance to the environment and ecology as a consequence thereof. The article is stated to have been based on an investigative exercise
undertaken by a team of journalists who visited a number of mining sites in the District. Notice was ordered to issue to the respondentson the same
day anditwas made returnable on April 28, 1987. The respendents were directed to file separate affidavits-in-reply to the petition and to deal also
with the contents of the newspaper article in their affidavits. The first respondent was also directed to place on record the affidavits of the following
officers specifically dealing with the allegations made and the grievances ventilated in the petition and the facts disclosed in the newspaper report
insofar as they concerned the respective field of operation of each of them :
1. The Conservator of Forests, Sirmaur District at Nahan.
2. The Conservator of Forests (Soil Conservation), Shimla.
3. The Conservator of Forests (Wildlife), Shimla.
4. The Superintending Engineer, Irrigation and Public Health Department, District Sirmaur.
Each one of those Officers as well as the second respondent (Deputy Commissioner, Sirmaur) was directed to pay a visit to village Sangrah and to
personally verify the situation on the spot on the basis of the official record, if any, available and to report whether the allegations made in para-6 of
the petition as well as in the newspaper article were true. The Court reserved for further consideration the prayer of the learned counsel for the
petitioners to appoint a Commission to investigate and report on the matters in issue pending the filing and consideration of those affidavits.
3. The directions issued on April 8, 1987 have been substantially complied with. The affidavits as directed have been filed by and on behalf of the
respondents and reports on affidavit have been submitted by the concerned Officers after spot verification The third respondent has filed as many
as four affidavits annexing thereto certain: documents some of which, according to him, support the version set-out by him in those affidavits. Upon
a perusal and consideration of the material accordingly brought on the record, a curious picture emerges. The affidavit of the second respondent
(Deputy Commissioner, Sirmaur) and the reports of the four senior Officers of the State Government tend to reveal that the contents of the petition
as well as of the newspaper article and the apprehensions therein expressed with respect to the danger to the hilly tracts of the Sirmaur District and
to its environment, ecology, natural resources et al and to the well being of the inhabitants because of the quarrying of the limestone in the area in
what apprears to be an unscientific and uncontrolled manner are true to a large extent. However, the affidavit filed on behalf of the first respondent
(State of Himachal Pradesh) and those on behalf of the third respondent present a totally different picture. The third respondent has naturally
refuted every allegation made in the petition concerning the hazards resulting from the mining operations undertaken by him. The first respondent,
while reluctantly admitting that the mining operations cause disturbance to the environment and stating that with a view to protecting the
environment and checking the reck less or indiscriminate mining operations in the area a decision was taken not to entertain any mining lease
application received after December 5, 1986 and to : undertake a detailed study as to the quality and quantity of the mineral deposits, the
geological formations, physiography of the area et al, still proclaims that all is well in the Slate of Denmark. The Court cannot help observing that
the stand of the State Government is wholly irreconcilable with the versions of its own Officers of rank in-charge of the concerned fields of activity
and that it is really difficult to appreciate such inconsistency of approaches and that upon a most charitable view being taken it is capable of being
explained only on the basis of a total lack of communication at different levels and organs of the Government machinery. The case has been argued
at length before us even at this stage and ample opportunity has been given to the third respondent to place before the Court all the relevant facts
and circumstances bearing upon the grant of the mining lease in his favour and the operation of the mines by him.
4. This is the first case of its kind in the State involving issues relating to the environment and ecological balance. The questions arising for
consideration and decision are of considerable importance and significance not only from the point of view of the requirement of adopting adequate
regulatory measures devised on the basis of scientific study and investigation for the exploitation of the mineral resources of the State keeping in
view the need for industrial growth and development but also from the angle of the awareness of its impact upon the ecology, the environment and
the natural resources and its implications on the livelihood and living conditions of the people residing in the area in which the mining leases are
granted. The reports submitted by the four senior officers, who were directed to verify facts on the spot, the affidavit of the second respondent
(Deputy Commissioner, Sirmaur), who is authorised also to exercise the powers and to perform the duties of an Inspector (subject to the general
or special orders of ""the Central Government) u/s 5 of the Mines Act, 1952 (hereinafter referred to as ""the Mines Act""), and the other material on
record including the note dated April 19, 1983, Annexure P-4, of the then Forest Minister, the letter dated July 18, 1986, Annexure P-5, of Shri
K. D. Sultanpuri, M. P., the newspaper article, etc., point in the direction that emergent action is necessary to avert real danger, present and
potential, to the soil, the environment, the ecology, the natural resources, the forests, the flora and fauna and the living conditions of the people
inhabiting the area. According to the affidavit of the second respondent, the mining area of the third respondent forms part of the Shamlat land
which had vested in the State Government under the provisions of the Himachal Pradesh Village Common Lands Vesting and Utilization Act, 1974
(hereinafter referred to as ""the Vesting and Utilization Act"") and which was set apart for allotment |to landless persons or persons whose holdings
were less than one acre to make such holdings one acre under Clause(B) of Section 8 of the said Act read with the Scheme framed by the State
Government in that regard. The consideration and/or object of the mining lease granted in respect of a land which fell within the area reserved for
such allotment, at a point of time when Section 8A of the Vesting and Utilization Act was not on the statute book, would appear, prima facie, to be
of a nature which would defeat the provisions of Section 8 of the said Act. The lease, therefore, appears, prima facie, to be hit by the provisions of
Section 23 of the Contract Act, 1872 and consequently suffering from the vice of voidness ab initio. On a conspectus of the entire material on
record, it transpires, prima facie, that the mining operations are being carried out in the area and, more particularly, in the mine operated by the
third respondent, in a somewhat uncontrolled and unscientific '' manner causing damage to and/or posing an imminent and real threat to the soil, the
rivers, streams and nallahs, the water resources and the water supply scheme, the ecology, the environment, the flora and fauna, the forest wealth
and to the life and well-being of the inhabitants of the locality and their cattle and that, as observed earlier, immediate steps are required to be
taken in the direction of prohibiting and/or regulating the mining operations in the area and taking conservative measures. The document(s), which
the third respondent has annexed to his affidavits, although some of them may on a cursory reading seem to support his version, disclose on a
careful scrutiny that the mining operations are not being carried out by him entirely in a proper or scientific manner and that certain remedial actions
were suggested to be taken by him, which it is not known, whether they have taken. More or less similar is the position with respect to some of the
documents annexed to the affidavit filed on behalf of the first respondent insofar as they concern the working of the mines by the third respondent.
At this stage, the Court does not consider it expedient in the interest of justice to enter into a detailed discussion and feels justified to make only the
above observations on a prima facie basis on the strength of the totality of the material on record.
5. The question relating to the dangerous implications of the haphazard mining operations of the limestone quarries engaged the attention of the
Supreme Court in Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun v. State of U. P. In as many as four reported judgments/orders, the highest
Court has highlighted the gravity of the problem and the necessity of regulatory measures being undertaken so as to bring about a proper balance
between the conservation of natural resources and the protection of the environment and the ecology on one hand and the need for development
and of the industrial growth of the country on the other. Those judgments/orders, which also incorporate the directions, interim and final, issued in
that case, are reported in Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun and Others Vs. State of U.P. and Others, and Rural Litigation and
Entitlement Kendra and Others Vs. State of Uttar Pradesh and Others, The problems which ordinarily arise on account of the erratic, irrational and
uncontrolled mining operations of limestone were highlighted in the said case in the following words in the judgment reported in Rural Litigation and
Entitlement Kendra and Others Vs. State of Uttar Pradesh and Others, :
Mining operations in these areas have led to cutting down of the forest. Digging of limestone and allowing the waste to roll down or carried down
by rain water to the lower levels has affected the villages as also the agricultural lands located below the hills. The naturally formed streams have
been blocked. Blasting has disturbed the natural quiet, has shaken the soil, loosened the rocky structures and disturbed the entire ecology of the
area. For removing the limestones quarried from the mine, roads have been laid and for that purpose the hills have been interfered with; traffic
hazard for the local population both - animals and men has increased.
Almost all these features or factors seem to be present even in the present case as disclosed by the material which has come on record. Sounding a
note of caution, it was observed further in that case :
Government- both at the Centre and in the State- must realize and remain cognizant of the fact that the stake involved in the matter, is large and
far-reaching. The evil consequences would last long. Once that unwanted situation sets in, amends or repairs would not be possible. The greenery
of India, as some doubt, may perish and the Thar desert may expand its limits.
Consciousness for environmental protection is of recent origin. The United Nations conference on World Environment held in Stockholm in June
1972 and the follow-up action thereafter is spreading the awareness. Over thousands of years men had been successfully exploiting the ecological
system for his sustenance but with the growth of population the demand for land has increased and forest growth has been and is being cut down
and man has started encroaching upon Nature and its assets. Scientific developments have made it possible and convenient for man to approach
the places which were hitherto beyond his ken. The consequences of such interference with ecology and environment have now come to be
realised. It is necessary that the Himalayas and the forest growth on the mountain range should be left uninterfered with so that there may be
sufficient quantity of rain. The top soil may be preserved without being eroded and the natural setting of the area may remain intact... ...... ............
We are not oblivious of the fact that natural resources have got to be tapped for the purposes of social development but one cannot forget at the
same time that tapping of resources have to be done with requisite attention and care so that ecology and environment may not be affected in any
serious way, there may not be any depletion of water resources and long term planning must be undertaken to keep up the national wealth. It has
always to be remembered that these are permanent assets of mankind and are not intended to be exhausted in one generation ... ... ... ... ...
Preservation of the environment and keeping the ecological balance unaffected is a task which not only Government but also every citizen must
undertake. It is a social obligation and let us remind every Indian citizen that it is his fundamental duty as enshrined in Article 51A(g) of the
Constitution.
6 . It would be pertinent to mention at this stage that Part-IV of the Constitution which incorporates the Directive Principles of State Policy
contains Article 48-A which prescribes that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and
wild life of the country. Part-IVA, which enshrines the Fundamental Duties, provides similarly in Article 51A, Clause (g), that it shall be the duty of
every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living
creatures. Thus there is both a constitutional pointer to the State and a constitutional duty of the citizens not only to protect but also to improve the
environment and to preserve and safeguard the forests, the flora and fauna, the riversand lakes and all the other water resources of the country.
The neglect or failure to abide by the pointer or to perform the duty is nothing short of a betrayal of the fundamental law which the State and,
indeed, every Indian, high or low, is bound to uphold and maintain.
7. In 1985(2) Sc 906: (1986 (1) Sup 287), Amarendra Nath Sen, J., who was one of the members of the Bench which dealt with the
abovementioned case at the earlier stages, made the following pertinent observations :
I wish to observe that though exploitation of mineral resources in the interest of industrial growth of the country is necessary, yet such mines should
be so worked as not to disturb the ecology and not to affect the livelihood and the living conditions of a very large number of the people.
Advantage gained by working the mines for industrial growth and national development in a manner which may seriously prejudice the interests of a
large number of human beings and disturb the ecological balance, may very much be out-weighed by the serious consequences which are likely to
follow. Industrial development is necessary for economic growth of the country in the larger interests of the nation. If, however, industrial growth is
sought to be achieved by haphazard and reckless working of the mines resulting in loss of life, loss of. property, loss of basic amenities like supply
of water and creation of ecological imbalance there may ultimately be no real economic growth and no real prosperity. It is necessary to strike a
proper balance. In my opinion, the appropriate authorities at the time of granting leases should take all these facts and factors into consideration
and should while granting lease of mines for exploitation of mineral provide for adequate safeguards. Had appropriate safeguards been provided at
the time of granting of leases, it would not indeed, have been necessary for us to direct the closure of so many mines and a good deal of sufferings
of the people of the locality would have been avoided.
8. These various observations reflect the concern and the anxiety of the highest court about the situation arising out of the indiscriminate grant of
mining leases and the unchecked and unscientific exploitation of the mines by the lessees, especially in the hilly tracts and regions of the Himalayas,
which, in all likelihood, might result in evil consequences having a far-reaching and lasting impact on the natural wealth and resources of the country
and the local population, human as well as cattle. If the wise and sagacious counsel imparted to the Government, at the Centre as well as in the
States, to strike a just balance between the tapping of the natural resources for the purposes of the socio-economic development and the
preservation and protection of the ecology, the environment and the natural wealth and resources by the adoption of a long-term perspective
planning is not heeded and effective steps in the direction of implementing the same are not taken with the utmost expedition, there will not only be
a total neglect and failure on the part of the administration to attend to an urgent task in the national interest but also a violation of the fundamental
rights conferred by Article 14 and 21 of the Constitution. The judicial organ of the State having sounded a noteof caution at the highest level, this
Court cannot remain silent spectator if there is a complaint that the warning has fallen on deaf ears. To ensure the attainment of the constitutional
goal of the protection and improvement of the natural wealth and environment and of the safeguarding of the forests, the lakes, the rivers and the
wildlife and to protect the people inhabiting the vulnerable areas from the hazardous consequences of the arbitrary exercise of the power of
granting mining leases and of indiscriminate operation of the mines on the strength of such leases without due regard to their life, liberty and
property, the court will be left with no alternative but to intervene effectively by issuing appropriate writs, orders and directions including the
direction as to the closure of the mines, the operation whereof is proving to be hazardous and the total prohibition of the grant or renewal of mining
leases till the Government evolves a long-term plan based on a scientific study with a view to regulating the exploitation of the minerals in the State
without detriment to the environment, the ecology, the natural wealth and resources and the local population. However, the need for judicial
intervention may not arise even in those cases where the court''s jurisdiction is invoked, if the administration takes preventive, remedial and curative
measures meanwhile.
9. Against the aforesaid background and against the backdrop of the factual data which has come on the record of the case even at this early
stage, the Court considers it expedient and necessary in the interest of justice to issue the following interim directions :
(1) The State Government, will, within a period of one week of the receipt of a certified copy of this order, set up a Committee under the
Chairmanship of the Chief Secretary and consisting of the Secretaries in the departments of Industry, Public Works, Forest? Agriculture and
Science, Technology and Environment to examine, inter alia, the question whether the grant of mining leases in respect of lime-stone in Tehsil
Paonta Sahib, Renuka and Rajgarh, as per the particulars furnished in the annexure to the affidavit dated May 8, 1987, filed by the Deputy
Commissioner, Sirmaur, and, more particularly, the grant of such leases in or around village Sangrah, Tehsil Renuka, District Sirmaur, and
specifically to the third respondent, is in accordance with the relevant statutory provisions and whether the need of maintaining a proper balance
between the tapping of the mineral resources for the development and industrial growth on one hand and the ecology, environment etc. on the
other has been kept in view while making such grant and whether those mines are being scientifically operated or worked in an erratic and
uncontrolled manner posing a present and potential danger to the soil, the agriculture, the forests, the water resources and the water supply
schemes, the rivers, streams and nahallas, the flora andfauna, the ecology, the environment and life and living conditions of the people and their
property. The Committee will hold such inquiry as it thinks fit for the purposes of arriving at a considered opinion in regard, inter alia, to the
abovementioned matters and it will be at liberty to take the assistance of experts in order to gather the necessary scientific and technological
information and data so as to formulate its findings. The report, which the Committee will submit to this Court as well as to the State Government,
will contain not only its conclusions on the matters abovementioned but also incorporate its recommendations lor the evolution of a long-term plan
and/or scheme for the grant of mining leases in the State in light of all the relevant and material factors and suggest the preventive, curative and
regulatory measures and machinery in order to ensure that the mining leases are operated in a scientific manner. If the Committee finds that on
account of indiscriminate mining operation carried out in District Sirmaur and, more particularly, in or around village Sangarah, damage of any
nature affecting the natural wealth and resources and the local population has been caused, it will consider and suggest the remedial measures for
the repair of such damage and the treatment of the affected natural wealth and resources and for the payment of compensation to the people
inhabiting the area. The Committee will submit its report on or before July 30, 1987. The matter requires urgent attention and the Court, therefore,
expects the Committee to complete its deliberations and to submit the report within the time-limit above-mentioned.
(2) The Deputy Commissioner, Sirmaur, will attend the Court on June 4,1987, and will produce for the perusal of the Court the proceedings
culminating into the attestation of mutations Nos. 1154 and 1146 dated August 9,1975 in respect of Khasra Nos. 2107/1970/1 and 2107/1979/1
and the consequential demarcation of the land as provided in subsection (2) of Section 8 of the Vesting and Utilization Act.
(3) The third respondent, who is present in the Court, has orally undertaken through his counsel not to carry out mining operations in the areas
leased to him through blasting till further orders and to carry out such operations in other manner, if any, strictly in accordance with the instructions
which may be issued to him by the Deputy Commissioner, Sirmaur. The written undertaking on affidavit in the aforesaid terms will be filed by the
third respondent in the Registry of this Court on or before June 2, 1987. The Deputy Commissioner will, while issuing such instructions, take into
consideration the reports on affidavits submitted by different senior officers of the State Government in the course of this proceeding and Annexure
R-3/2 to the affidavit dated May 12, 1987 of the third respondent and Annexures R-2 and R-3 to the affidavit dated May 14, 1987, filed by the
Deputy Secretary (Industries) to the State Government, in so far as they require the compliance, if any, of any of the matters therein mentioned and
will ensure that the mining operations, if any, are carried out by the third respondent in future strictly on scientific lines. The Deputy Commissioner
will, for the purposes of giving such directions, be at liberty to take the assistance of any other officers/authorities including those who have
submitted their reports therein.
(4) No lease for the mining of lime-stone will be granted or renewed nor temporary permits, if any, will be issued in District Sirmaur till the
Committee, which has been directed to be appointed as aforesaid, has submitted its report and the second respondent will meanwhile maintain
strict superintendence and supervision over the exploitation of the mines under the existing leases in the Sirmaur District in the same manner as
indicated in the interim direction No. (3) hereinabove. Adjourned to June 4, 1987. Dasti copy on usual terms.