Aruna Suresh, J.@mdashUnder challenge in this appeal is the judgment and decree of the learned Additional District Judge dated 8th April, 1997
whereby the petition of the appellant filed u/s 13(1)(ia) and (ib) of the Hindu Marriage Act was dismissed.
2. Succinctly, the facts of the case are that parties to the petition were married on 8.12.1974 according to Hindu rites and ceremonies. One male
child Ankur Bose was borne out of the wedlock on 7.8.1978. Respondent is an alcoholic. Many a times he remained out of job and under the
influence of liquor and even otherwise he used to treat the petitioner with cruelty. Respondent had to vacate the rental premises on account of non
payment of rent and petitioner had to depend for financial support on her parents. Respondent had stopped taking care of the family needs. After
vacating the rented accommodation parties started living in the house of Petitioner''s parents. After shifting to her parents house, petitioner
continued with her job and in the evenings she started going to theater leaving her child in the care of her parents because Respondent did not
show any inclination or interest to look after the child. Petitioner became pregnant again, to which Respondent expressed his shock and disowned
the child as his own. He suspected her fidelity and Petitioner had to go for medical termination of the pregnancy. To meet his drinking habit, he
used to take money from the Petitioner or her parents and some times even sold out household articles. Petitioner was allotted a flat and
Respondent wanted to sell the allotment letter to which Petitioner did not agree. This resulted into hurling of abuses and physical beatings to the
Petitioner by the Respondent. The disputes and differences increased to the extent that parties stopped their physical relations. Petitioner sought
guidance from a voluntary organization ''Saheli'', where Respondent was called and the differences were reconciled with a view to restart the
matrimonial life. Parties started living together w.e.f. 20.08.1989. However, disputes and differences continued as before. On 2.12.1989, allegedly
a scene was created in the house and Respondent took out a kitchen knife to assault the Petitioner but, when their son intervened, he sustained
injuries and was hospitalized. Petitioner lodged a complaint about this incident with the police on 3.12.1989. Since 2.12.1989 parties are living
separately.
3. Respondent has refuted the allegations of the Petitioner that he is alcoholic or that he had been beating his wife and the child or that he did not
take care of him or that he had no interest in the child. He has alleged that he never deserted the Petitioner but was forced to leave the house on
2.12.1989. He has also alleged that he had to vacate the rented accommodation because of eviction decree suffered by him for bona fide necessity
and not on account of non payment of rent.
4. On the pleadings of the parties, following issues were framed for consideration by the Court:
(1) Whether the Respondent has treated the Petitioner with cruelty as alleged?
(2) Whether the Respondent has deserted the Petitioner for continuous period of two years immediately preceding the presentation of the petition
as alleged?
(3) Relief.
5. Respondent has been contesting the appeal in person. On 6th August, 2009 he had stated that he was ready and willing to divorce the Petitioner
by mutual consent provided he was given half share in MIG flat No. 57-D, Pocket IV, Mayur Vihar, Phase-1, in which he claimed himself to be
the co-owner with the appellant. He had also agreed that if the appellant was able to show Conveyance Deed in her favour in respect of the said
flat, he would divorce her. Thereafter the matter was listed for 12th August, 2009 with the direction to the appellant to produce the Conveyance
Deed of the said flat. However, on 12.08.2009, the Respondent did not appear though appellant had brought the original Conveyance Deed
executed in her favour by the DDA in respect of the said flat.
ISSUE No. 1.
6. Mr. Sunil Mittal counsel for the appellant (being referred to as Petitioner) has submitted that the Trial Judge while delivering the impugned
judgment, has not carefully examined the statement of the witnesses of the parties and erred in disbelieving the Petitioner''s assertion that
Respondent indulged in heavy drinking and thereafter caused physical and mental cruelty to her only on the ground that there was no documentary
evidence or complaint made by the Petitioner regarding the drinking habit of the Respondent and the cruelty perpetuated by the Respondent on the
Petitioner under the influence of liquor. He was weighed by the fact that Respondent had taken another premises on rent at Chitranjan Park after
vacating the earlier premises. While observing that he was employed and if he was alcoholic and unemployed, he could not have afforded the
rented accommodation in Chitranjan Park. He has argued that the trial Court failed to take notice of the complaints Ex.PW-1/3 and Ex.PW1/5
lodged by the Petitioner with the police.
7. It is further argued that the Trial Court went wrong while observing that the allegations of beatings levelled against the Respondent and forcing
her to sell allotment papers of DDA flat because of which she had to suffer serious mental pain and agony are general in nature as there was no
complaint of receiving any physical injury or bodily injury but she complained of having suffered mental torture and agony. He further emphasized
that the Trial Court went wrong in observing that there is no complaint or any evidence produced by the Petitioner to show that she was being
asked by the Respondent for disposal of the flat and the allegations appeared to be exaggerated. It is also argued that Trial Court committed an
error in disbelieving the Petitioner that she had to go for medical termination of her pregnancy because of the allegations levelled by the Respondent
against her that she had become pregnant through someone else. The Court also went wrong in appreciating that she would not have continued to
live with the Respondent for the sake of the child, yet she did not raise any whisper, neither to any of her relations nor to the relations of the
Respondent. The Court also did not properly appreciate the statement of the Petitioner that Respondent was not working anywhere after
November, 1982, when it observed that Petitioner did not summon the record of M/s. Akshay Industries or of M/s. Greaves Cotton Industries to
prove when Respondent left their services and that the Petitioner therefore failed to discharge the onus of proving that Respondent was
unemployed. Counsel for the appellant has emphasized that the findings of the trial Court on each and every acts of cruelty as narrated by the
Petitioner in the petition and proved in evidence by way of her own testimony are erroneous and perverse in nature.
8. Learned Counsel for the Petitioner has relied upon following cases:
(1) Smt. Vimla Mehra v. Shri K.S. Mehra 2009 III AD (Delhi) 11;
(2) Samar Ghosh Vs. Jaya Ghosh, ;
(3) Geeta Jagdish Mangtani v. Jagdish Mangtani 2005 Indlaw SC 561;
(4) A. Jayachandra v. Aneel Kaur 2004 Indlaw SC 1034;
(5) Vinita Saxena v. Pankaj Pandit 2006 (87) DRJ 655;
(6) Naveen Kohli v. Neelu Kohli 2006 (87) DRJ 630;
(7) Rajinder Pershad (dead) by LRs. v. Smt. Darshana Devi 2001 VI AD (SC) 272.
9. In brief, the acts of cruelty alleged in the petition are:
(1) Respondent is an alcoholic and under the influence of liquor, he had been indulging in verbal abuses and physical beatings to the appellant.
(2) To meet his financial requirements as well as his need for liquor, he had been making monetary demands on the appellant and her parents and
also mentally and physically tortured her for fulfillment of his demands.
(3) Appellant registered a flat in her name with the DDA. On allotment of the said flat Respondent pressurized, abused and harassed her to sell the
allotment letter but, Petitioner did not succumb to his pressure.
(4) Respondent continued with his habit of drinking heavily and even failed to pay rent and suffered eviction. With the result parties had to reside in
the house of parents of the Petitioner.
(5) In 1981 Petitioner conceived for the second time but Respondent suspected her fidelity and disowned the child as his and indulged into causing
mental and physical torture to her. Petitioner had to undergo medical termination of pregnancy, but for sake of the child, she continued to live with
him.
(6) In May, 1989 Respondent came back home heavily drunk and gave her physical beatings, abused her, threw utensils and spit and vomited on
her and quarreled with her the whole night. Appellant had to leave the home in the morning.
(7) With the intervention of social organization ''Saheli'', parties were reunited on 20.09.1989. However, there was no improvement in their
relationship. On 2.12.1989 a quarrel ensued between the parties when Respondent came home drunk at about 11:00 P.M. He allegedly picked up
a knife and threatened to kill the appellant. However, the child intervened and received injuries on his person. Appellant made a complaint at
Police Station Mayur Vihar and the child was got medically examined. Respondent left the company of the Petitioner on 3.12.1989 and since
thereafter parties are living separately.
10. Parties to the petition were known to each other even before marriage as they were working in the same theater and had been meeting with
each other before they took the decision to get married.
11. Appellant as PW-1 has deposed that after losing lob in January, 1975 Respondent indulged in the habit of drinking wine with his friends.
Though Respondent was employed with M/s. Akshay Industries in November, 1975 his drinking habits increased and Respondent even sold
household articles to buy liquor for himself. Respondent was again unemployed and appellant had to take a part time job in 1982 with Delhi Art
Theater leaving her child in the custody of her parents. She has deposed that instead of improving his behaviour Respondent started consuming
more liquor and torturing her mentally as well as physically by giving her beatings. He would take money from her for his drink and also forced her
to get money from her parents. Respondent with a view to purchase drinks also took loan and started selling household articles. She has deposed
that whenever she resisted the demand of Respondent for money, she was given beatings. Because of the beatings she suffered mental pain as well
as physical torture. She has deposed on oath that because of excessive drinking Respondent started coming late at home and she and the
Respondent seized to have any physical relationship with each other.
12. Petitioner in her statement has narrated the instance of May, 1989 stating that, Respondent returned home late at night in drunken condition
and for no rhyme or reason gave her physical beatings, pulled her hair, sat on her, abused her, spit and vomited on her in the absence of her child
who had gone to school trip. She has stated that Respondent quarreled with her throughout the night with the result, she had to leave house in the
morning and take refuge in her parents'' house. There is no effective cross examination of the appellant and Respondent as RW-1 has not
specifically refuted the act of cruelty committed by him on the Petitioner in May, 1989.
13. The other incident she has narrated is of 2.12.1989, when under the guidance of ''Shaheli'', a voluntary women organization, she had started
living with the Respondent and the child from 20.09.1989. She has testified that on that date Respondent returned home at about 11:00 P.M. in
drunken condition and started abusing her for no reason. When he did not cool down, she asked him as to why he was abusive, on which
Respondent picked up utensils and threw them upon her and he also picked up a knife from the kitchen and threatened her of life. To save herself,
she went to the room and her son, who had intervened between her and the Respondent was also threatened and was injured by him with a knife
on his left eye.
14. In between 20.09.1989 to 2.12.1989, as per her statement, parties continued to fight and Respondent continued to come home late at night in
drunken condition. He showed his dis-interest towards the Petitioner as well as the child.
15. There is no cross examination of the appellant about the behaviour of the Respondent towards the appellant after their re-union on
20.09.1989. It is not disputed that the parties had reconciled with the assistance of voluntary organization ''Saheli'', and a document Ex.PW-1/1
dated 5.08.1989 (copy of the same Ex. RW-2/1) was executed. However, this document in no manner suggests that parties had reconciled their
dispute. Rather it suggests separation and divorce by mutual consent. It seems that after execution of this document parties continued to visit
''Saheli'', on its calls and consequently decided to live together. This is reflected from the letter dated 20.09.1989 Ex.PW-1/17, written by the
Respondent to Saheli, acknowledging their advice and assistance in solving their problem and helping them to re-unite. However, there is no
evidence produced by the Respondent on record to suggest that he had improved upon his behaviour towards the Petitioner.
16. It has come in evidence that after marriage parties started living in a rented house at Chitranjan Park. At that time, Respondent was employed
with M/s. Office Equipments and he lost his job in January, 1975. Petitioner took up job in September, 1975 with M/s. K.G.Khosla Compressor
at Faridabad. Respondent had taken a job with M/s. Akshay Industries in 1975 and thereafter her parents dis-continued the financial support. She
has deposed that the rented accommodation had to be vacated on 31.12.1982 because Respondent did not pay the rent of the premises and
suffered eviction order and she was forced to take shelter in her parents'' house along with Respondent and the child. She has denied the
suggestion that the tenanted premises were vacated for bonafide requirement of the landlord. Respondent has a grouse that they were provided
garage accommodation by appellant''s parents and not in the house. Certified copy of the eviction order has not been placed and proved on record
by the Respondent to demolish the statement of the appellant that they had to vacate the rented premises at Chitranjan Park for non payment of
rent. Respondent has not placed on record any document to indicate that he was employed and therefore there was no occasion for him to
demand any money from his wife, the appellant or his in-laws to meet his demands. Since Petitioner categorically deposed that Respondent was
unemployed for most of the time, it was for him to demolish her evidence by producing relevant evidence on record, documentary or otherwise, to
indicate his financial status. Pass Book Ex.PW-1/R-3 pertains to the year 1985 till January, 1991. Debit entries in the account book basically
relate to the school fees which might have been paid by the Respondent. To this also the explanation has been given by the Petitioner that, since
school fees account was opened under the guardianship of father, she had been financing the Respondent to pay school fees of the child from the
said account.
17. To a suggestion put to her in the cross examination she has deposed that ""It is correct that my husband has been resorting to physical injuries to
me right from the marriage. I got married in the year, 1974. I tolerated the ill-treatment of the respondent till, 1989 in the hope that the behaviour of
the respondent might improve. It is correct that the influence of the father/respondent on the child was not congenial''.
18. It is pertinent that the testimony of the Petitioner that Respondent is addicted to heavy drinking and has been giving physical beatings and
causing mental torture to her in drunken condition remained uncontroverted as she has not been cross examined on this aspect except that, when
asked, she has replied that her husband was addicted to alcohol right from the marriage.
19. True that Respondent in his statement has denied that every day he indulged in excessive drinking, but then his vague denial in the absence of
any cross examination of the Petitioner would not in any manner prove that Respondent was not alcoholic or that under the influence of liquor he
did not torture his wife physically or mentally.
20. The Trial Court while considering the oral evidence of the parties observed:
34. As regards the grounds of cruelty which are based mainly on the drinking habits of the respondent and on the basis of fact that respondent was
unemployed for a considerable period and that the respondent had always been asking the Petitioner to bring money from her parents, all these do
not stand proved as I have already observed above.
35. As regards the allegations about drinking habit of the respondent, there is no concrete evidence except the oral testimony of both the parties.
The petitioner/wife has levelled allegations that the respondent/ husband was a regular drunker and the respondent/ husband has denied the same.
Since no particular incident of drinking has been proved on record, whereby respondent had taken excessive drinking and then under the influence
of liquor he had caused any cruelty upon the petitioner or had treated the petitioner with any cruelty. So I find that general allegations regarding
drinking can not be termed as cruelty of such a nature which may amount of matrimonial offence of cruelty for the purposes of dissolution of
marriage.
21. The fact findings of the Court are not born out of the record. Incidents of cruelty have been specifically testified by the Petitioner as PW-1.
Such as incidents of May, 1989 and 2.12.1989. These allegations cannot in any manner be considered as general in nature. It is proved in
evidence of the Petitioner that Respondent used to physically and mentally torture her for bringing money from her parents for fulfillment of his
requirement of liquor.
22. To my mind, the Trial Court also did not properly appreciate the allegations of unemployment and torture for money as proved by the
appellant in her testimony, while observing:
30. ...will go to show that the respondent had at least not lost his job and that is why after vacating one rental accommodation at Inderpuri, he took
up another rental accommodation in Chitranjan Park. Though he had denied that he started indulging in drinking liquor daily and he has not at all
admitted fact of taking drinks, yet assuming for the sake of arguments that at times the respondent had been taking drinks but that factor alone will
not be sufficient to say that the petitioner was being treated with cruelty by the respondent unless the said drinking habit of the respondent is
coupled with the overt act of creating scenes or giving beatings to the petitioner...that there is no document on record to suggest that there was any
dispute between the parties either over drinking habit of the respondent or the respondent not taking interest in the family affairs or not supporting
the family financially.
32. ...that none of the parties has summoned any record from M/s Akshay Industries or from M/s Greaves Cotton Industries to show that the
respondent was not working anywhere after Nov., 82 and was unemployed for some period. Since the allegation of unemployment of respondent
are by the petitioner so the onus to prove the same was on petitioner. She should have shown the records and prove that respondent was
unemployed.
33. ...So there is a presumption that the petitioner might have taken up a part time job with Delhi Art Theatre on account of her interest in that
field... But that does not show that she was compelled to take part time job because of financial crisis as the petitioner has not proved on record to
show that during the year 1982 when she took up part time job respondent was out of job and there was no other source of income to properly
maintain the family.
23. The Trial Court went wrong in observing that after vacating the rented accommodation at Inderpuri, he took up another rented accommodation
at Chitranjan Park because, soon after the marriage parties first lived at Inder Puri with the parents of the Respondent for a very short period and
thereafter they took rented accommodation at Chitranjan Park, where they continued to reside till the eviction order was passed against the
Respondent in 1982 and therefore the Trial Court was not right in its approach to discard the testimony of the appellant that Respondent was
unemployed when it observed that Respondent had not lost his job and that is why after vacating the rented accommodation at Inder Puri, took
another accommodation at Chitranjan Park. Analysis of evidence by the Trial Court is therefore, erroneous and has to be brushed aside.
24. There cannot be any direct, oral or documentary evidence except the testimony of the Petitioner and the circumstantial evidence to prove that
there was dispute between the parties either for drinking habit of the Respondent or for Respondent not taking any interest in the family affairs or
for not supporting the family financially. Financial status of the Respondent, indicated in his pass book, has already been discussed above.
Needless to say, Respondent has not controverted the statement of the Petitioner that he was unemployed or that he was not supporting her
financially. Rather, he tortured her physically and mentally to take money from her and her parents to meet his need for liquor. In his cross
examination he admitted that he had no documentary proof to show that he was in employment and was getting salary and was financially sound to
meet his requirements and that of his wife and child.
25. Respondent in his cross examination did admit that a complaint was made by the appellant with a voluntary organization ''Saheli'', where he
was called number of times for reconciliation. He also admitted that a complaint was lodged by his wife with CAW Cell which remained alive
during the period from 20.09.1989 to 2.12.1989 when parties were living together. This suggests that they started living together on a trial basis to
understand each other better but, unfortunately, they again fell out as Respondent did not improve his behaviour. Admittedly, Petitioner has been
financially independent throughout as she remained in employment and also worked in the theater on part time employment after her office hours. If
the Respondent was financially sound, there was no need for the Petitioner to take up a part time job in the evening after coming home from the
office at the cost of neglecting her house and the child who admittedly was being taken care of by her parents in her absence.
26. In her complaint dated 3.12.1989 Ex.PW-1/3, made at Police Station Mayur Vihar, Petitioner has specifically levelled allegations against the
Respondent that on 2.12.1989 he came home at about 11:00 P.M. Under the influence of liquor he picked up a quarrel with her. Similar were her
allegations in her complaint Ex.PW-1/5 made on the same day to SHO, Police Station Trilok Puri. It is not in dispute that Respondent was called
by the SHO of the concerned Police Station for interrogation.
27. There is a letter written by the Respondent on 11.09.1989 Ex.PW- 1/19 on the record. Few lines of the said letter being relevant are
reproduced below:
...Far from giving proper return for this love. I have behaved in a very cruel manner to you from all angles, mental, physical, financial and social....
...Far from being greatful to you for this, I have beaten you, I have tortured you a lot, and I confess this thousand times. I give you words that I will
work hard to keep your happiness intact....
Save me from the grip of vice, and allow me to do penance for all my sins....
28. Thus, there is clear admission on the part of the Respondent made to the appellant in this letter that he had been torturing her mentally,
physically, financially and socially. He was not providing any finance to the appellant, rather forced her to part with money to meet his demands for
liquor. This also indicates that Respondent was not financially independent; being jobless as alleged by the Petitioner. When he has referred to a
''vice'', and sought forgiveness from the Petitioner, he referred to no other vice but his addiction to liquor. It was because of excessive drinking, he
physically and mentally tortured her, did not take any interest in the family, did not care for her and the child.
29. This letter was written by the Respondent just nine days before he joined the company of the Petitioner in September 1989 and re- started
living with her. However, despite all the assurances and undertakings given by him in this letter, he completely failed to honour them. The Trial
Court has failed to appreciate the documentary evidence as discussed above and erroneously observed that there was no direct evidence
produced on record for the alleged mis-conduct and ill-behaviour of the Respondent with the Petitioner.
30. Another instance of grave mental cruelty is when in 1981 Petitioner conceived for the second time, she suffered physical as well as mental
torture at the hands of the Respondent because he suspected her fidelity and she had to get medical termination of the pregnancy done.
31. The Trial Court committed error when it observed that Petitioner could not have continued to live with the Respondent after termination of the
pregnancy on the alleged ground of suspected fidelity but she did not do so and continued to live with the Respondent indicating that no such
cruelty was committed by the Respondent and that the statement of the Petitioner was not believable.
32. Respondent has not disputed that in 1981 Petitioner had conceived second time and also that she had to undergo medical termination of
pregnancy. There is no cross examination of the Petitioner on this aspect of the matter, nor Respondent has stated anything in his statement as
RW-1 indicating the reasons which might have forced the Petitioner to get here pregnancy terminated.
33. Therefore, I find no reason to disbelieve the testimony of the Petitioner that she had to undergo termination of pregnancy because of the
Respondent''s suspicion on her fidelity, and he accused that the child was not his and disowned him. Nothing can be more cruel to a woman, rather
a mother, than such accusation on her character and also the father disowning the child.
34. Rift between the parties widened further when Petitioner was allotted a flat by the DDA. It has come in evidence that Respondent pressurized,
abused, harassed and ill-treated the Petitioner for selling the allotment documents to which Petitioner never agreed. To pressurize her, Respondent
gave her physical beatings and mentally tortured her. It has also come in her statement, which has remained uncontroverted on record that,
Respondent never provided any financial assistance to her for purchase of the flat. It is not the case of the Respondent in his testimony that he had
financially supported his wife to pay the purchase price of the said flat to DDA. It is an admitted case of the parties that Respondent had filed a
civil suit seeking half share in the said flat but he lost the case. His challenge to the judgment and decree of the trial court in appeal also failed. It is
obvious that Respondent pressurized appellant to sell the allotment of the flat with a view to have easy access to finances which would have come
in the hands of the Petitioner on sale of the flat. It is pertinent that even before this Court, Respondent made a statement that he was ready and
willing to divorce his wife by mutual consent provided, he was given half share in the flat, being co-owner. When Petitioner produced the original
Conveyance Deed dated 28.12.2005 on the desire of the Respondent, he absented himself knowing it well that the flat was owned by the
Petitioner and he has no share in the same. A copy of the Conveyance Deed has been placed on record by her to prove that the said flat is allotted
to her in her individual name and not jointly with the Respondent. A person, who remained almost unemployed during his stay with his wife, started
spending money on liquor, indiscriminately, came home late at night, gave physical beatings as well as mentally tortured her and least of all
demanded share in her flat, cannot claim that he was not ''CRUEL'' to his wife. Petitioner has been running her household and bringing up the child
single handedly, with no support from her husband. Behaviour of the Respondent over the years can only be termed as ''CRUEL''.
35. The worst incident of cruelty, as proved on record, is of the night of 2.12.1989. It is proved in evidence from the testimony of the RW1, which
finds corroboration from consequent FIRs/police complaints made by the Petitioner at Police Station, Trilok Puri and Mayur Vihar, that on the
fateful night Respondent came heavily drunken and for no rhyme or reason picked up quarrel with her, gave her beatings, abused her, picked up
utensils and threw them on her, picked up a knife and threatened her of life. When suddenly her son intervened to save her from his anger and
threat under the influence of liquor and when he tried to inflict injuries on her, he got injuries on his left eye. He was taken to SDN hospital where
he was provided with proper medical assistance. MLC Ex. PW-1/2 was prepared by the concerned doctor of the hospital. As per this MLC
history of the patient as recorded is ""being beaten by blunt weapon q/e and left eye congested"". Respondent in his cross examination could not
explain as to how his son got injuries on his left eye. He has deposed that he had no idea if on the fateful night of 2.12.1989 his son suffered injuries
on his left eye. He also had no idea if his son was injured when he made attempt to save his mother during his fight with the Petitioner. According
to him, he came to know that his child was provided medical aid only after coming to the Court. He admitted that neighbours did come on account
of commotion after hearing the loud voice and shouting of his wife. He did admit that on 3.12.1989 in the morning, parents of the appellant and
volunteers from ''Saheli'', came to his house.
36. Thus, it is clear from the answers given by the Respondent in his cross examination that, he could not recollect the incident of 2.12.1989,
obviously he was under the influence of liquor when he physically beat his wife, threw utensils on her and tried to cause injuries with a knife. To
save herself, Petitioner had to lock herself in the room. To save his mother when the child intervened, he also received injuries on his left eye.
37. The word ''cruelty'' finds no definition in the Act. Therefore, the word ''cruelty'' used in Section 13(1)(ia) of the Act is in the context of human
conduct and behaviour in relation to and in respect of matrimonial duties or obligations. It is a course or conduct of one spouse which adversely
affects the other spouse. Cruelty can be mental or physical, intentional or unintentional. While judging the physical cruelty, Court has to judge the
degree of such physical torture and if it is mental, the enquiry is required to the nature of cruel treatment and then as to the impact of such treatment
on the mind of the other spouse.
38. The ingredients of cruelty as required to be proved on record by the Petitioner are based on delicate personal relationship of husband and
wife. Court, therefore, has to see the probabilities in a given case to find out the legal cruelty, not merely as a matter of fact, but as to the effect on
the mind of the Petitioner spouse because of the acts or omission of the other. This cruelty besides physical, mental can also be corporeal.
39. To constitute cruelty, the conduct complained of should be ""grave and weighty"" so as to come to the conclusion that the Petitioner spouse
cannot be reasonably expected to live with the other spouse. It must be something more serious than ""ordinary wear and tear of married life"". The
conduct, taking into consideration the circumstances and background has to be examined to reach the conclusion whether the conduct complained
of amounts to cruelty in the matrimonial law. Court dealing with the petition filed for divorce on the ground of cruelty has to keep in mind that the
problems before it are those of human beings and the psychological changes in a spouse''s conduct have to be borne in mind before disposing of
the petition for divorce. However, insignificant or trifling, such conduct may cause pain in the mind of another. But before such conduct can be
called cruelty, it must touch a certain pitch of severity.
40. Petty quibbles, trifling differences should not be exaggerated and magnified to destroy a marriage. Foundation of marriage is tolerance,
adjustment and respect towards one another. Therefore, inherently tolerance of each other''s fault to a certain bearable extent has to be kept in
mind before considering a particular conduct of a spouse towards the other as tantamounting to ''cruelty''. The Court has to consider the mental
and physical conditions of the parties, their characters and social status and therefore, the incidents which can be termed as ''cruelty'' have to be
adjudged in a case on the facts and circumstances and the evidence adduced on record. It is not required that physical violence as well as mental
torture are essential to constitute cruelty. Even conduct inflicting a miserable mental agony and torture under the given circumstances may constitute
cruelty within the meaning of Section 13(1)(ia) of the Act.
41. In case of physical cruelty, the Court generally gets direct evidence but in case of mental cruelty, the Court has to first make an inquiry to the
nature of cruel treatment, the impact of such treatment in the mind of the spouse if it caused reasonable apprehension that it can be harmful or
dangerous to live with the other. It is not necessary for the party to narrate each incident against the other spouse to constitute such conducts as
cruelty. Sometimes two or three incidents may be sufficient to prove the cruelty committed on the petitioner by the other spouse. Many a times
mental cruelty is more severe than the physical cruelty.
42. In Samar Ghosh Vs. Jaya Ghosh, , the Supreme Court has enumerated some instances of human behaviour which may be relevant in dealing
with the cases of mental cruelty. They are:
(i) On consideration of complete matrimonial life of the parties, acute mental pain, agony and suffering as would not make possible for the parties
to live with each other could come within the broad parameters of mental cruelty.
(ii) On comprehensive appraisal of the entire matrimonial life of the parties, it becomes abundantly clear that situation is such that the wronged party
cannot reasonably be asked to put up with such conduct and continue to live with other party.
(iii) Mere coldness or lack of affection cannot amount to cruelty, frequent rudeness of language, petulance of manner, indifference and neglect may
reach such a degree that it makes the married life for the other spouse absolutely intolerable.
(iv) Mental cruelty is a state of mind. The feeling of deep anguish, disappointment, frustration in one spouse caused by the conduct of other for a
long time may lead to mental cruelty.
(v) A sustained course of abusive and humiliating treatment calculated to torture, discommode or render miserable life of the spouse.
(vi) Sustained unjustifiable conduct and behaviour of one spouse actually affecting physical and mental health of the other spouse. The treatment
complained of and the resultant danger or apprehension must be very grave, substantial and weighty.
(vii) Sustained reprehensible conduct, studied neglect, indifference or total departure from the normal standard of conjugal kindness causing injury
to mental health or deriving sadistic pleasure can also amount to mental cruelty.
(viii) The conduct must be much more than jealousy, selfishness, possessiveness, which causes unhappiness and dissatisfaction and emotional upset
may not be a ground for grant of divorce on the ground of mental cruelty.
(ix) Mere trivial irritations, quarrels, normal wear and tear of the married life which happens in day to day life would not be adequate for grant of
divorce on the ground of mental cruelty.
(x) The married life should be reviewed as a whole and a few isolated instances over a period of years will not amount to cruelty. The ill-conduct
must be persistent for a fairly lengthy period, where the relationship has deteriorated to an extent that because of the acts and behaviour of a
spouse, the wronged party finds it extremely difficult to live with the other party any longer, may amount to mental cruelty.
(xi) If a husband submits himself for an operation of sterilization without medical reasons and without the consent or knowledge of his wife and
similarly, if the wife undergoes vasectomy or abortion without medical reason or without the consent or knowledge of her husband, such an act of
the spouse may lead to mental cruelty.
(xii) Unilateral decision of refusal to have intercourse for considerable period without there being any physical incapacity or valid reason may
amount to mental cruelty.
(xiii) Unilateral decision of either husband or wife after marriage not to have child from the marriage may amount to cruelty.
(xiv) Where there has been a long period of continuous separation, it may fairly be concluded that the matrimonial bond is beyond repair. The
marriage becomes a fiction though supported by a legal tie. By refusing to sever that tie, the law in such cases, does not serve the sanctity of
marriage; on the contrary, it shows scant regard for the feelings and emotions of the parties. In such like situations, it may lead to mental cruelty.
43. Evidently mental cruelty cannot be comprehensively defined, within which all kinds of cases of mental cruelty can be covered. Human mind is
extremely complex and human behaviour is equally complicated. Similarly human ingenuity has no bound and therefore, to assimilate the entire
human behaviour in one definition is almost impossible. What may amount to cruelty in one case may not amount to cruelty in the other case
because, concept of cruelty differ from person to person depending upon his/her upbringing, level of sensitivity, educational, family and cultural
background, financial position, social status, customs, traditions, religious beliefs, human values and their value system. The concept of mental
cruelty has changed with the passage of time; because of impact of modern culture through various medias electronic and print and other value
system. Therefore, there cannot be any straight jacket formula or fixed parameters for determining the mental cruelty in matrimonial matters. No
uniform standard, therefore, can be laid down for guidance what may constitute mental cruelty in matrimonial disputes.
44. Coming back to the facts and circumstances of this case, parties to the petition were married in December, 1974. They continued to live
together for a period of fifteen years except a short separation from May 1989 to September 1989. Petitioner has been tolerating the physical
torture as well as mental agony at the hands of the Respondent for the said period. She continued to live with the Respondent despite the fact that
he suspected her fidelity when she conceived for the second time in 1981. She must have suffered grave mental pain and agony when she had to
go for medical termination of pregnancy. Respondent was never financially stable and sound. Petitioner had been working since after her marriage
and looking after the financial needs of the family including that of the Respondent. It is not disputed that parties had to vacate the rented
accommodation in Chitranjan Park because of the eviction order, which Respondent suffered. Respondent did not make any arrangement for
another rented accommodation. Rather he shifted with the Petitioner in the house of her parents, where she continued to live in a garage for quite
sometime. Respondent was in the habit of taking liquor but, he became alcoholic over the period of time.
45. As discussed above, there is enough evidence to indicate that to meet his demands for liquor, he physically and mentally tortured the Petitioner.
Some of the instances of physical and mental cruelty proved on record are of 1981, May 1989 and of 2.12.1989. It is significant that behaviour of
the Respondent became more cruel when he refused to contribute for the purchase of the flat allotted in the name of the Petitioner by the DDA.
Not only this, he wanted to sell the allotment but, could not succeed as Petitioner remained firm on her decision not to sell the allotment, for which
she had to face physical as well as mental cruelty at the hands of the Respondent. The conduct of the Respondent in pressurizing the Petitioner to
sell the allotment is obvious from his various subsequent acts. He filed a suit claiming half share in the property but he lost. He disputed the absolute
title of the Petitioner in the said property at Mayur Vihar. Even in this appeal, he made it clear that he would divorce the Petitioner only after he
was given half share in the house. Under the circumstances, to say that conduct of the Respondent towards the Petitioner cannot be construed as
cruelty within the meaning of Section 13(1)(ia) of the Act would not be correct.
46. Parties to the appeal are artists. An artist by temperament is emotional and sensitive. Behaviour of the Respondent towards the Petitioner
throughout fifteen years of their living together has been unreasonable and torturous. His ill behaviour can be safely construed as grave. He has
been ill-treating the Petitioner. There is evidence to indicate that there was cessation of sexual intercourse, neglect of the Petitioner and the family,
his indifference attitude towards the family and his assertion that Petitioner is unchaste, are factors which constitute mental or legal cruelty.
Respondent, under the influence of liquor seemed to be losing his temper to such an extent that he would indulge into giving severe beatings,
vomiting on his wife, spitting on her. Once be picked up a knife and threatened the Petitioner of life. In this fight, it was the innocent child, their son,
who received injuries on his left eye. What could be more then what has been discussed above to construe legal cruelty'' Respondent though had
been assuring the Petitioner of reformation, neither his behaviour nor his conduct improved. Rather his behaviour and indifference to the Petitioner
and the family increased. It was when Petitioner could not bear the Respondent any further that she left the house in May 1989 and went to her
parents. She tried to readjust with the Respondent with the assistance of women organization ''Saheli''. Again Respondent did not try to improve
himself in any manner. His need for finances was another reason for his torturous conduct towards the Petitioner. Petitioner, therefore, suffered
physical as well as mental cruelty and it could not be expected that they could live together after the incident of 2.12.1989.
47. Since after December 1989, parties are living separately. Son is now about 31 years of age and settled in life. Parties are living separately for
about 21 years. The matrimonial bond between the parties has, therefore, been ruptured beyond repair because of mental and physical cruelty
caused by the Respondent. After separation, the parties did not have any interaction with each other. Rather they have been litigating, may be in a
Civil Court of law. I find on record a complaint dated 5th February, 1989 Ex. PW-1/15, disclosing the behaviour of the Respondent of
4.02.1989. Respondent has admitted that he has not met his child since after 2.12.1989.
48. Trial Court did not properly appreciate the uncontroverted statement of the Petitioner when it observed that the allegations of beatings, mental
torture, pain and agony suffered by the Petitioner were quite general in nature and that the ground of cruelty as pleaded by the Petitioner did not
prove the extent that she was being treated by the Respondent with such cruelty, which may amount to matrimonial events of cruelty u/s 13(1)(ia)
of the Act. The appreciation of evidence by the Trial Court is not in the correct perspective on facts and circumstances of the case and evidence
adduced on record. Uncontroverted evidence of the Petitioner has proved physical as well as mental cruelty and every incident of such cruel
behaviour of the Respondent clearly established that Respondent treated her with legal cruelty.
49. Hence, the findings of the Trial Court on this issue are set aside and it is decided in favour of the Petitioner.
ISSUE No. 2
50. On 3rd December, 1989 when Respondent left the house he was residing in Mayur Vihar i.e. the flat owned by the Petitioner. This happened
because of a quarrel having taken place between the parties on the intervening night of 2nd/3rd December, 1989. Parties continued to fight the
whole night. Respondent was violent and abusive towards the Petitioner in so much so that he even inflicted injury to his son. It was under these
circumstances that he left the house in the morning of 3rd December 1989 in the presence of workers of women organization ''Saheli'' and parents
of the Petitioner.
51. There is no dispute that Respondent executed a document Ex. PW- 1/4 on 3rd December, 1989 in the presence of S.Vatsyayan, PW-2. In
this document, he has written that he was finally leaving the premises No. 57-D, Pocket-IV, Mayur Vihar, New Delhi of his own with a pledge not
to come back to the said premises and disturb the Petitioner s in future for any reason whatsoever. It is submitted by counsel for the Petitioner that
Respondent deserted the Petitioner on 3.12.1989 of his own. I find no force in his submission. It is significant to note that in the last few lines of this
letter he has written that he would not claim any rights or privileges in the said flat. In return he wanted that Petitioner should not seek any monetary
assistance from him for the household from that date. It is also recorded that parties had agreed to go in for mutual divorce of marriage in a court
of law within fifteen days from that date. Thus, it is clear from this letter that Respondent had deserted the Petitioner because of the incident of the
night. It cannot be said that he was left with no option but to leave the house.
52. As pointed out above, Petitioner had lodged a complaint dated 3rd December, 1989 Ex. PW-1/3. Perusal of this complaint indicate that
Respondent had to leave the house as a result of external intervention after writing the attached contract Ex.PW-1/4. It also indicate that Petitioner
would approach the court of law for mutual divorce and in the meantime sought police protection. Since Respondent left the house under adverse
and strained circumstances, it cannot be said that he deserted the Petitioner within the meaning of Section 13(1)(ib) of the Act. Hence, findings of
the Trial Court on this issue are affirmed but, for different reasons.
RELIEF
53. In view of my findings on issue No. 1, appeal is partly allowed and decree and judgment of the Trial Court dated 8th April, 1997 on this is
hereby set aside. I hereby pass a decree for divorce u/s 13(1)(ia) of the Act.
54. Under the circumstances, parties are left to bear their own costs. Decree be prepared accordingly. Trial Court record be sent back along with
an attested copy of this order.