Company : Sol Infotech Pvt. Ltd. Website : www.courtkutchehry.com Assam General Clauses Act, 1915 02 of 1915 [19 January 1916] CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 :- Definitions 1. Short title and extent 2. Meaning of the word "Act" 3. Application of Act to other enactments 4. Definitions CHAPTER 2 :- General Rules of Construction 5. Coming into operation of Acts 6. Effect of repeal 7. Revival of repealed enactments 8. Construction of references to repealed enactments 9. Commencement and termination of time 10. Computation of time 11. Measurement of distances 12. Duty to be taken pro rata in enactments 13. Gender and number CHAPTER 3 :- Powers and Functionaries 14. Section 14 15. When powers and duties to be exercised and performed 16. Exercise of power and performance of duty by temporary holder of office, 17. Power to appoint to include power to appoint ex-officio 18. Power to appoint to include power to suspend or dismiss 19. Substitution of functionaries 20. Successors 21. Official chiefs and subordinates CHAPTER 4 :- Provisions as to Orders, Rules, etc., made under Enactments 22. Construction of orders, etc., issued under enactments 23. Power to make to include power to add to, amend, vary or rescind orders, rules or bye-laws 24. Making of rules or bye-laws and issuing of orders between passing and commencement of enactment 2 5 . Provisions applicable to making of rules or bye-laws after previous publication 26. Continuation of orders, etc., issued under enactments repealed and re-enacted 27. Publications of orders and notifications in the official Gazette CHAPTER 5 :- MISCELLANEOUS 28. Recovery of fines 2 9 . Provision as to offences punishable under two or more enactments 30. Meaning of service by post 31. Citation of enactments 32. Saving of previous enactments, rules and bye-laws 33. Application to Eastern Bengal and Assam Acts and Ordinances and Regulations under the Government of India Act, 1935 Assam General Clauses Act, 1915 02 of 1915 [19 January 1916] PREAMBLE An Act for shortening the language used in Assam Acts, and for other purposes. Whereas it is expedient to provide for the interpretation of Assam Acts, for shortening the language used therein and for making certain other provisions relating to such Acts; it is hereby enacted as follows:-- 1. For Statement of Objects and Reasons see Assam Gazette, 1915, Part V, page 8; for Report of Select Committee, see ibid, page 163; for Proceedings in Council, see ibid, pages 108 and 163. CHAPTER 1 Definitions 1. Short title and extent :- This Act may be called the Assam General Clauses Act, 1915. 2. Meaning of the word "Act" :- In this Act, the word "Act" shall mean an Assam Act 3. Application of Act to other enactments :- The provisions of section 4 to 31 shall apply to this Act, and shall apply, and shall be deemed always to have applied, to all Acts made whether before or after the commencement of this Act. 4. Definitions :- In all Acts, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,-- (1) "abet" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions shall have the same meaning as in the Indian Penal Code (XLV of 1860): "Abet." (2) "act" used with reference to an offence or a civil wrong, shall include a series of acts; and words which refer to acts done shall extend also to illegal omissions: "Act." (3) "affidavit" shall include affirmation and declaration in the case of persons by law allowed to affirm or declare instead of swearing: "Affidavit." (4) * * * * *1 "Assam Act." [(5) Assam Act shall mean an Act made by the Chief Commissioner of Assam in Council under the Indian Councils Act, 1861 to 1909 or any of those Acts, or under the Government of India Act, 1915, or by the Local Legislature of Assam under the Government of India Act, or by the Provincial Legislature or the Governor of Assam under the Government of India Act, 1935]2. "Barrister." (6) "barrister" shall mean a barrister of England or Ireland or a member of the Faculty of Advocates in Scotland: "Bengal Act." 3( 7 ) "Bengal Act" shall mean an Act made by the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal in Council under the Indian Councils Act, 1861, or the Indian Councils Acts, 1861 and 1892, or the Indian Councils Acts, 1861, 1892 and 1909, or made by the Governor in Council of Fort William in Bengal under the Indian Councils Acts, 1861, 1892 and 1909, or by the local legislature of Bengal under the Government of India Act. (8) * * * *4 "British Possession." ( 9 ) "British Possession" shall mean any part of His Majestys dominions, exclusive of the United Kingdom, and, where parts of those dominions are under both a central and a local legislature, all parts under the central legislature shall, for the purposes of this definition, be deemed to be one British possession: "Chapter." (10) "Chapter" shall mean a Chapter of the Act in which the word occurs: 5[ " o r by the Legislature of the State of Assam under the Constitution"]. "Colony" (11) "Colony"-- "(a) in any Assam Act passed after the commencement of Part III of the Government of India Act, 1935, shall mean any part of His Majestys dominions exclusive of the British Islands, the Dominions of India and Pakistan (and before the establishment of those Dominions, British India), any Dominion as defined in the Statute of Westminster, 1931, any Province or State forming part of any of the said Dominions, and British Burma; and (b) in any Assam Act passed before the commencement of Part III of the said Act, mean any part of His Majestys dominions, exclusive of the British Islands and of British India; and in either case where parts of those dominions are under both a Central and local Legislature, all parts under the Central Legislature shall, for the purposes of this definition, be deemed to be one colony:" [Provided that in any Act passed or made after the commencement of Part III of the Government of India Act, 1935, colony shall not include any Dominion as defined in the Statute of Westminster, 1931, any province or State forming part of such a Dominion, or British Burma.]6 8[and shall include the Assam Revenue Tribunal while exercising jurisdiction heretofore exercised by a Commissioner in appeals and revisions in Revenue cases.] "Commencement." (12) "commencement, "used with reference to an Act, shall mean the day on which the Act comes into force: "Commissioner." (13) "Commissioner, shall mean the chief officer in charge of the revenue administration of a division8 "Consular Officer. (14) "consular officer" shall include consul-general, consul, vice- consul, consular agent, pro-consul, and any person for the time being authorised to perform the duties of consul-general, consul, vice-consul or consular agent: "Deputy Commissioner." (15) "Deputy Commissioner" shall mean the chief officer in charge of the general administration of a district: "District Court." (16) "District Court " shall mean a principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction : but shall not include a High Court in the exercise of its ordinary or extraordinary original civil jurisdiction: "District Judge." (17) "District Judge" shall mean the Judge of a District Court: "Document." (18) "document" shall include any matter written, expressed or described upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks, or by more than one of those means, which is intended to be used, or which may be used, for the purpose of recording that matter: "Eastern Bengal and Assam." (19) "Eastern Bengal and Assam" shall mean the territories which were under the administration of the Lieutenant-Governor of Eastern Bengal and Assam immediately prior to the constitution of the Chief Commissionership of Assam in 1912: "Eastern Bengal and Assam Act." (20) "Eastern Bengal and Assam Act" shall mean an Act made by the Lieutenant-Governor of Eastern Bengal and Assam in Council under the Indian Councils Acts, 1861 to 1909 (24 & 25 Vict., C. 67 and 55 & 56 Vict., C. 14): "Enactment." ( 2 1 ) "enactment" shall include a Regulation (as herein after defined) and any Regulation of the Bengal Code, and shall also include any provision contained in any enactment or in any such Regulation as aforesaid: "Father." (22) "father" in the case of any one whose personal law permits adoption, shall include an adoptive father: "Financial year." (23) "financial year" shall mean the year commencing on the first day of April: (24) * * *7 "Good faith." (25) a thing shall be deemed to be done in "good faith" where it is in fact done honestly, whether it is done negligently or not: ( 2 6 ) "Government" or "the Government" shall include the [Provincial Government ]9 as well as the [Central Govern meat]10 "Government of India." (27) * * * *11 "High Court." (28) "High Court" shall mean the High Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal: (29) [* * *]14 "Immoveable property." (30) "immoveable property" shall include land, benefits to arise out of land, and things attached to the earth, or permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth: "Imprisonment." (31) "imprisonment" shall mean imprisonment of either description as defined in the Indian Penal Code ( XLV of 1860). "India." (32) * * * *12 "Judicial proceedings." (33) "Judicial proceedings" shall mean any proceeding in the course of which evidence is, or may be, legally taken: "Local authority." (34) "local authority" shall mean a body of municipal or station commissioners, local board, or any other authority entrusted by the Government with, or legally entitled to, the control or management of a municipal or local fund: "Local Administration." (35) "Local Administration" shall mean the Provincial Government. "Local Government." (36) * * * *13 "Magistrate." (37) "Magistrate" shall include every person exercising all or any of the powers of a Magistrate under the Code of Criminal Procedure for the time being in force ( V of 1898): "Master" (of a ship). (38) "master" used with reference to a ship shall mean any person (except a pilot or harbour-master) having for the time being control or charge of the ship: "Month." (39) "month" shall mean a month reckoned according to the British calendar: "Movable property." (40) "movable property" shall mean property of every description except immovable property: "Notification." ( 4 1 ) "notification" shall mean a notification in the [Official Gazette]15: "Oath." (42) "oath shall include affirmation and declaration in the case of persons by law allowed to affirm or declare instead of swearing: "Offence." (43) "offence" shall mean any act or omission made punishable by any law for the time being in force: "Part." (44) "Part" shall mean a part of the Act in which the word occurs: "Person." (45) "person" shall include any company or association or body of individuals, whether incorporated or not: "Political Agent." "(46) "Political Agent" shall mean- (a) in relation to any territory outside India the Principal Officer, by whatever name called, representing the Central Government in such territory; and (b) any officer appointed to exercise all or any of the powers of a Political Agent for any place not forming part of India under the law for the time being in force relating to foreign jurisdiction. (47) [* * *]17 "Province," (48) * * * * *16: "Public." (49) "public" includes any class of the public or any community: "Public nuisance." (50) "public nuisance" shall mean a public defined in the Indian Penal Code ( XLV of 1860): "Registered." (51) "registered" used with reference to a document, shall mean registered in British India under the law for the time being in force for the registration of documents: "Regulation." 20[(52) Regulation shall mean, a regulation made by the Governor under the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution or under the Government of India Act, 1935, and shall include a regulation as defined in section 3(50) of the General Clauses Act. 1897."]18 "Rule." (53) "rule shall mean a rule made in exercise of a power conferred by any enactment, and shall include a regulation made as a rule under any enactment: "Schedule." (54) "schedule" shall mean a schedule to the Act in which the word occurs: "Scheduled District." (55) "Scheduled District" shall mean a "Scheduled District" as defined in the Scheduled Districts Act 187419 ( XIV of 1874): "Section." (56) "section" shall mean a section of the Act in which the word occurs: "Ship." ( 5 7 ) "ship" shall include every description of vessel used in navigation not exclusively propelled by oars. "Sign." ( 5 8 ) "sign" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall, with reference to a person who is unable to write his name, include "mark" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions: "Son." (59) "son" in the case of any one whose personal law permits adoption, shall include an adopted son: "Sub-section." (60) "sub-section" shall mean a sub-section of the section in which the word occurs: "Swear." ( 6 1 ) "swear" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall include affirming and declaring in the case of persons by law allowed to affirm or declare instead of swearing: "Vessel." (62) "vessel" shall include any ship or boat or any other description of vessel used in navigation: "Will." (63) "will" shall include a codicil and every writing making a voluntary posthumous disposition of property: "Writing." (64) expressions referring to "writing" shall be construed as including references to printing, lithography, photography and other modes of representing or reproducing words in a visible form: and "Year." (65) "year" shall mean a year reckoned according to the British calendar. 1. Clause (4) which was substituted by Assam Act I of 1922 omitted by the A.O. It ran as follows:--" Assam shall mean the territories within British India for the time being under the administration of the Local Government of Assam." 2. Substituted by the A.O. for the original clause (5) which ran as follows:--" Assam Act shall mean an Act made by the Chief Commissioner of Assam in Council under the Indian Councils Acts, 1861 to 1909 or by the local legislature of Assam under the Government of India Act." 3. Substituted by Assam Act I of 1922 for original clause (7) which ran as follows:--" Bengal Act shall mean an Act made by the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal in Council, under the Indian Councils Act, 1861, or the Indian Councils Acts, 1861 to 1909." 4. Clause (8) omitted by the A.O. It ran as follows:--" British India shall mean all territories and places within His Majestys dominions which are for the time being governed by His Majesty through the Governor General of India or through any Governor or other officer subordinate to the Governor General of India." 5. Inserted by A.O. 1950 6. Inserted by the A.O. 7. Clause (24) omitted by the A.O. It ran as follows:-- "Gazette shall mean the Assam Gazette:" 8. Ins. by s. 5 of Sch. B of Assam Act 1 of 1939. 9. Substituted by the A.O. for "L.G." 10. Substituted by the A.O. for "Government of India." 11. Clause (27) omitted by the A.O. It ran as follows:-- Government of India shall mean the Governor General in Council or, during the absence of the Governor General from his Council, the President in Council, or the Governor General alone, as regards the powers which may be lawfully exercised by them or him, respectively. 12. Clause (32) omitted by the A.O. It ran as follows:-- " India shall mean British India together with any territories of any Native Prince or Chief under the suzerainty of His Majesty exercised through the Governor General of India or through any Governor or other officer subordinate to the Governor General of India." 13. Substituted by the A.O. for clause (35) which was substituted by Assam Act I of 1922 for clauses (35) and (36). 14. Omitted by AO 1950. 15 Substituted by the A.O. for "Gazette." 16. Clause (48) omitted by the A.O. It ran as follows:-- " Province shall mean the territories for the time being administered, by any Local Government". 17. Substituted by AO 1950. 18. Substituted by Assam Act I of 1922 for "the Government of India Act, 1870." 19. Ceased to have effect without prejudice to the continuing validity of any notification, etc., made under the Act, vide Schedule I to the A.O. 20. Subs. by AO 1950 CHAPTER 2 General Rules of Construction 5. Coming into operation of Acts :- 1[(1) Where any Assam Act is not expressed to come into operation on a particular day, then,- (i) in the case of an Assam Act made before the commencement of the Constitution, it shall come into operation, if it is an Act of the Legislature, on the day on which the assent thereto of the Governor, the Governor-General or His Majesty, as the case may require, is first published in the Official Gazette, and if it is an Act of the Governor on the day on which it is first published is an Act in the Official Gazette, and (ii) in the case of an Assam Act made after the Commencement of the Constitution, it shall come into operation on the day on which the assent thereto of the Governor or the President, as the case may require, is first published in the Official Gazette."] (2) Unless the contrary is expressed, an Act shall be construed as coming into operation immediately on the expiration of the day preceding its commencement. 1. Subs. by A.O. 1950. 6. Effect of repeal :- Where any Act repeals any enactment hitherto made, or hereafter to be made, then, unless a different intention appears, the repeal shall not-- (a) revive anything not in force or existing at the time at which the repeal takes effect; or (b) affect the previous operation of any enactment so repealed or anything duly done or suffered there under; or (c) affect any right, privilege, obligation, or liability acquired, accrued or incurred under any enactment so repealed; or (d) affect any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred in respect of any offence committed against any enactment so repealed; or (e) affect any investigation, legal proceeding or remedy in respect of any such right, privilege, obligation, liability, penalty, forfeiture, or punishment as aforesaid; and any such investigation, legal proceeding or remedy may be instituted, continued or enforced, and any such penalty, forfeiture o r punishment may be imposed as if the repealing Act had not been passed. 7. Revival of repealed enactments :- In any Act it shall be necessary, for the purpose of reviving, either wholly or partially, any enactment wholly or partially repealed, expressly to state that purpose. 8. Construction of references to repealed enactments :- Where any Act repeals and re-enacts, with or without modification, a n y provision of a former enactment, references in any other enactment or in any instrument to the provision so repealed shall, unless a different intention appears, be construed as references to the provision so re-enacted. 9. Commencement and termination of time :- In any Act it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of excluding the first in a series of days or any other period of time, to use the word "from" and, for the purpose of including the last in a series of days or any other period of time, to use the word "to." 10. Computation of time :- Where, by any Act, any act or proceeding is directed or allowed to be done or taken in any Court or office on a certain day or within a prescribed period, then, if the Court or office is closed on that day or the last day of the prescribed period, the act or proceeding shall be considered as done or taken in due time if it is done or taken on the next day afterwards on which the Court or office is open: Provided that nothing in this section shall apply to any act or proceeding to which the Indian Limitation Act, 1908 (IX of 1908), applies. 11. Measurement of distances :- In the measurement of any distance, for the purposes of any act, that distance shall, unless a different intention appears, be measured in a straight line on a horizontal plane. 12. Duty to be taken pro rata in enactments :- Where, by any Act, any duty of customs or excise, or in the nature thereof, is leviable on any given quantity, by weight, measure or value of any goods or merchandise, then a like duty is leviable according to the same rate on any greater or less quantity. 13. Gender and number :- In all Acts, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,-- (1) words importing the masculine gender shall be taken to include females; and (2) words in the singular shall include the plural, and vice versa. CHAPTER 3 Powers and Functionaries 14. Section 14 :- [* * *]1 1. Omitted by AO 1950. 15. When powers and duties to be exercised and performed :- Where an Act confers a power or imposes a duty, then the power may be exercised and the duty shall be performed from time to time as occasion requires. 16. Exercise of power and performance of duty by temporary holder of office, :- Where an Act confers a power or imposes a duty on the holder of an office, as such, then the power may be exercised and the duty shall be performed by the holder for the time being of the office. 17. Power to appoint to include power to appoint ex-officio :- Where, by an Act, a power to appoint any person to fill any office o r execute any function is conferred, then, unless it is otherwise expressly provided, any such appointment may be made either by name or by virtue of office. 18. Power to appoint to include power to suspend or dismiss :- Where, by any Act, a power to make any appointment is conferred, then, unless a different intention appears, the authority having power to make the appointment shall also have power to suspend or dismiss any person appointed by it in exercise of that power. 19. Substitution of functionaries :- In any Act, it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of indicating the application of a law to every person or number of persons for the time being executing the functions of an office, to mention the official title of the officer at present executing the functions, or that of the officer by whom the functions are commonly executed. 20. Successors :- In any Act, it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of indicating the relation of a law to the successors of any functionaries or of corporations having perpetual succession, to express its relation to the functionaries or corporations. 21. Official chiefs and subordinates :- In any Act, it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of expressing that a law relative to the chief or superior of an office shall apply to the deputies or subordinates lawfully performing the duties of that office in the place of their superior, to prescribe the duty of the superior. CHAPTER 4 Provisions as to Orders, Rules, etc., made under Enactments 22. Construction of orders, etc., issued under enactments :- Where, by any Act, a power to make or issue any notification, order, scheme, rule, form, or bye-law is conferred, then expressions used in the notification, order, scheme, rule, form, or bye-law, shall unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, have the same respective meanings as in the Act conferring the power. 23. Power to make to include power to add to, amend, vary or rescind orders, rules or bye-laws :- Where, by any Act, a power to make or issue notifications, orders, schemes, rules, forms, or bye-laws is conferred, then that power includes a power exercisable in the like manner and subject to the like sanction and conditions (if any) to add to, amend, vary or rescind any notifications, orders, schemes, rules, forms or bye-laws so made. 24. Making of rules or bye-laws and issuing of orders between passing and commencement of enactment :- Where, by any Act, which is not to come into operation on [the passing thereof]1 a power is conferred to make rules or bye-laws, or to issue orders with respect to the application of the Act or with respect to the establishment of any Court or office or the appointment of any Judge or officer there under, or with respect to the person by whom, or the time when, or the place where, or the manner in which, or the fees for which, anything is to be done under the Act, then that power may be exercised at any time after [the passing thereof]1 but rules, bye-laws or orders so made or issued shall not take effect till the commencement of the Act. 1. Substituted by the A.O. for the words "the assent of the Governor General has been published as aforesaid". 25. Provisions applicable to making of rules or bye-laws after previous publication :- Where, by any Act, a power to make rules or bye-laws is expressed to be given, subject to the condition of the rules or bye-laws being made after previous publication, then the following provisions shall apply, namely:-- (1) the authority having power to make the rules or bye-laws shall, before making them, publish a draft of the proposed rules or bye- laws for the information of persons likely to be affected thereby; (2) the publication shall be made in such manner as that authority deems to be sufficient, or, if the condition with respect to previous publication so requires, in such manner as 2[t h e Government concerned]1 (3) there shall be published with the draft a notice specifying a date on or after which the draft will be taken into consideration; (4) the authority having power to make the rules or bye-laws, and where the rules or bye-laws are to be made with the sanction, approval or concurrence of another authority, that authority also shall consider any objection or suggestion which may be received by the authority having power to make the rules or bye-laws from any person with respect to the draft before the date so specified; (5) the publication in the [official Gazette]3 of a rule or bye-law purporting to have been made in exercise of a power to make rules or bye-laws after previous publication shall be conclusive proof that the rule or bye-law has been duly made. 1. Substituted by the A.O. for "L.G." 2. Subs. by A.O. 1950 3. Substituted by the A. O. for "Gazette." 26. Continuation of orders, etc., issued under enactments repealed and re-enacted :- Where any enactment is repealed and re-enacted with or without modification, then, unless it is otherwise expressly provided, any appointment, notification, order, scheme, rule, form, or bye-law, made or issued under the repealed enactment, shall, so far as it is not inconsistent with the provisions re-enacted, continue in force and be deemed to have been made or issued under the provisions so re-enacted, unless and until it is superseded by any appointment, notification, order, scheme, rule, form, or bye-law made or issued under the provisions so re-enacted. 27. Publications of orders and notifications in the official Gazette :- Where in any enactment or in any rule made under any enactment, it is directed that any order, notification or other matter shall be notified or published, such notification or publication shall, unless the enactment otherwise provides, be deemed to be duly made if it is published in the [official Gazette]1. 1. Substituted by the A.O. for "Assam Gazette". CHAPTER 5 MISCELLANEOUS 28. Recovery of fines :- Sections 63 to 70 of the Indian Penal Code ( XLV of 1860) and the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure (V of 1898) for the time being in force in relation to the issue and the execution of warrants for the levy of fines shall apply to all fines imposed under any Act, or any rule or bye-law made under any Act, unless the Act, rule or bye-law contains an express provision to the contrary. 29. Provision as to offences punishable under two or more enactments :- Where an act or omission constitutes an offence under two or more enactments, the offender shall be liable to be prosecuted and punished under either or any of those enactments, but shall not be liable to be punished twice for the same offence. 30. Meaning of service by post :- Where any Act authorizes or requires any document to be served by post, whether the expression "serve" or either of the expressions "give" or "send" or any other expression is used, then, unless a different intention appears, the service shall be deemed to be effected by properly addressing, prepaying and posting by registered post a letter containing the document and, unless the contrary is proved, to have been effected at the time at which the letter would be delivered in the ordinary course of post. 31. Citation of enactments :- (1) In any Act and in any rule, bye-law, instrument or document, made under, or with reference to, any such Act, any enactment may be cited by reference to the title or short title (if any) conferred thereon or by reference to the number and year thereof, and any provision in an enactment may be cited by reference to the section or sub-section of the enactment in which the provision is contained. (2) In any Act a description or citation of a portion of another enactment shall, unless a different intention appears, be construed as including the word, section or other part mentioned or referred to as forming the beginning and as forming the end. of the portion comprised in the description or citation. 32. Saving of previous enactments, rules and bye-laws :- Where any Act, rule or bye-law made after the commencement of this Act continues or amends any Bengal Act. * * * *1 which is in force in Assam or any rule or bye-law made there under before the commencement of this Act, the foregoing sections of this Act shall not by reason merely of such continuance or amendment affect: the construction of such Bengal Act, * * * * *1 rule or bye-law. 1. The words or Eastern Bengal and Assam Act" omitted by the A.O. 33. Application to Eastern Bengal and Assam Acts and Ordinances and Regulations under the Government of India Act, 1935 :- 1[ The provisions of this Act shall apply, - (a) in relation to any Ordinance promulgated by the Government under sections 89 of the Government of India Act, 1935, as they apply in relation to Assam Acts made under the said Act by the Governor, and in relation to any Regulation made by the Governor under section 92 of the said Act as they apply in relation to Assam Acts made by the Provincial Legislature; and (b) in relation to any Ordinance promulgated by the Governor under article 213 of the Constitution or any Regulation made by the Governor under the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution, as they apply in relation to Assam Acts made by the State Legislature:] 1. Substituted by AO 1950.