Company : Sol Infotech Pvt. Ltd. Website : www.courtkutchehry.com RULES FOR THE MANUFACTURE, USE, IMPORT, EXPORT AND STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS MICRO ORGANISMS/GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS OR CELLS CONTENTS 1. Short title, extent and commencement 2. Application 3. Definitions 4. Competent Authorities 5 . Classification of micro-organisms or genetically engineered product 6. Micro-organisms laid down in the Schedule are divided into the following 7. Approval and Prohibitions, etc 8. Production 9. Deliberate or unintentional release 10. Permission and approval for certain substances 11. Permission and approval for food-stuffs 12. Guidelines 13. Grant of approval 14. Supervision 15. Penalties 16. Responsibility to notify interruptions or accidents 17. Preparation of off-site emergency Plan by the DLC 18. Inspections and informations regarding finance 19. Appeal 20. Exemption SCHEDULE 1 :- Bacterial RULES FOR THE MANUFACTURE, USE, IMPORT, EXPORT AND STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS MICRO ORGANISMS/GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS OR CELLS In exercise of the powers conferred by Sections 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) and with a view to protecting the environment, nature and health, in connection with the application of gene-technology and micro-organisms, the Central Government hereby makes the following rules, namely: 1. Short title, extent and commencement :- (1) These rules may be called the Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro- organisms/Genetically engineered organisms or cells. (2) These rules shall come into operation on the date to be notified for this purpose in the Official Gazette. 2. Application :- (1) These rules are applicable to the manufacture , import and storage of micro-organisms and gene-technological products. (2) These rules shall apply to genetically engineered organisms/microorganisms and cells and correspondingly to any substances and products and food stuffs, etc., of which such cells, organisms to tissues hereof form part. (3) These rules shall also apply to new gene-technologies apart from those referred to in clauses (ii) and (iv) of Rule 3 and these rules shall apply to organisms/micro-organisms and cells generated by the utilisation of such other gene-technologies and to substances and products of which such organisms and cells form part. (4) These rules shall be applicable in the following specific cases. (a) sale, offers for sale, storage for the purpose of sale, offers and any kind of handling over with or without a consideration; (b) exportation and importation of genetically engineered cells or organisms; (c) production, manufacturing, processing, storage, import, drawing off, packaging and repackaging of the Genetically Engineered Products; (d) Production, manufacture etc., of drugs and pharmaceuticals and food-stuffs, distilleries and tanneries, etc., which make use of micro-organisms/genetically engineered micro-organisms one way or the other. (5) These rules shall be applicable to the whole of India. 3. Definitions :- In these rules unless the context requires. (i) "Biotechnology" means the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to produce goods and services; (ii) "Cell Hybridisation" means the formation of live cells with new combinations of genetic material through the fusion of two or more cells by means of methods which do not occur naturally; (iii) "Gene Technology" means the application of the gene technique called genetic engineering, include self cloning and deletion as well as cell hybridisation; (iv) "Genetic engineering" means the technique by which heritable material, which does not usually occur or will not occur naturally in the organism or cell concerned, generated outside the organism or the cell is inserted into said cell or organism. It shall also mean the formation of new combinations of genetic material by incorporation of a cell into a host cell, where they occur naturally (self cloning) as well as modification of an organism or in a cell by deletion and removal of parts of the heritable material; (v) "Micro organisms" shall include all the bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycoplama, cells lines, algae, Protozoans and nematodes indicated in the schedule and those that have not been presently known to exist in the country or not have been discovered so far. 4. Competent Authorities :- (1) Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RDAC). This committee shall review developments in Biotechnology at national and international levels and shall recommend suitable and appropriate safety regulations for India in recombinant research, use and applications from time to time. The committee shall function in the Department of Biotechnology. (2) Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM).This committee shall function in the Department of Biotechnology to monitor the safety related aspects in respect of on-going research projects and activities involving genetically engineered organisms/hazardous micro-organisms. The Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation shall include representatives of. (a) Department of Biotechnology; (b) Indian Council of Medical Research; (c) Indian Council of Agricultural Research; (d) Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; (e) Other experts in their individual capacity. (3) Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBSC). This committee shall be constituted by an occupier or any person including, research institutions handling micro-organisms/genetically engineered organisms. The committee shall comprise the Head of the Institution, Scientists engaged in DNA work, a medical expert and a nominee of the Department of Biotechnology. The occupier or any p e r s o n including research institutions handling micro- organisms/genetically engineered organisms shall prepare with the assistance of the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBSC) an up- to-date on-site emergency plan according to the manuals/guidelines of the RCGM and make available copies to the District Level Committee/State Biotechnology Co-ordination Committee and the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee. (4) Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC). This committee shall function as a body under the Department of Environment, Forests and Wildlife for approval of activities involving large scale use of ha/ardous micro-organisms and recombinants in research and industrial production from the environmental angle. The committee shall also be responsible for approval of proposals relating to release of genetically engineered organisms and products into the environment including experimental field trials. The composition of the Committee shall be. (i) Chairman: Additional Secretary, Department of Environment, Forests and Wildlife. Co-Chairman: Representative of Department of Bio-technology. (ii) Members: Representatives of concerned Agencies and Departments, namely, Ministry of Industrial Development, Department of Biotechnology and the Department of Atomic Energy. (iii) Expert members: Director General Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Director General Indian Council of Medical Research, Director General Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Director General Health Services, Plant Protection Adviser, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Chairman, Central Pollution Control Board and three outside experts in individual capacity. (iv) Member Secretary: An official of the Department of Environment Forest and Wildlife. The Committee may co-opt other members/experts as necessary. The Committee or any person/s authorised by it shall have powers to take punitive actions under the Environment (Protection) Act. (5) State Biotechnology Co-ordination Committee (SBCC). There shall be a State Biotechnology Co-ordination Committee in the States wherever necessary. It shall have powers to inspect, investigate and take punitive action in case of violations of statutory provisions through the Nodal Department and the State Pollution Control Board/Directorate of Health/Medical Services. The Committee shall review periodically the safety and control measures i n the various industries /institutions handling genetically e n g i n e e r e d Organisms/Hazardous micro-organisms. The compositions of the Co- ordination Committee shall be. (i) Chief Secretary Chairman (ii) Secretary, Department of Environment Member-Secretary (iii) Secretary, Department of Health Member (iv) Secretary, Department of Agriculture Member (v) Secretary, Department of Industries and Commerce Member (vi) Secretary, Department of Forests Member (vii) Secretary, Department of Public Works/ Chief Engineer, Department of Public Health Engineering Member (viii) State Microbiologists and Pathologists Member (ix) Chairman of State Pollution Control Board Member The committee may co-opt other members/experts as necessary. (6) District Level Committee (DLC). There shall be a District Level Biotechnology Committee (DLC) in the districts wherever necessary under the District Collectors to monitor the safety regulations in installations engaged in the use of genetically modified organisms/hazardous micro-organisms and its applications in the environment. The District Level Committee/or any other person/s authorised in this behalf shall visit the installation engaged in activity involving genetically engineered organisms, hazardous micro-organisms, formulate information chart, find out hazards and risks associated with each of these installations and co-ordinate activities with a view to meeting any emergency. They shall also prepare an off-site emergency plan. The District Level Committee shall regularly submit its report to the State Biotechnology Co- ordination Committee/Genetic Engineering Approval Committee. The District Level Committee shall comprise of. (i) District Collector Chairman (ii) Factory Inspector Member (iii) A representative of the Pollution Control Board Member (iv) Chief Medical Officer (District Health Officer) Member (Convenor) (v) District Agricultural Officer Member (vi) A representative of the Public Health Engineering Department Member (vii) District Microbiologists / Pathologist (technical expert) Member (viii) Commissioner Municipal Corporation Member The Committee may co-opt other members/experts as necessary. 5. Classification of micro-organisms or genetically engineered product :- (1) For the purpose of these rules, micro-organisms or genetically engineered organisms, products or cells shall be dealt with under two major heads; animal, pathogens and plant pests and these shall be classified in the manner specified in the Schedule. (2) If any of the micro-organisms, genetically engineered organism or cell falls within the limits of more than one risk class as specified in the schedule, it shall be deemed to belong exclusively to the last in number of such classes. 6. Micro-organisms laid down in the Schedule are divided into the following :- (i) Bacterial Agents; (ii) Fungal Agents; (iii) Parasitic Agents; (iv) Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Agents; (v) Special Category. 7. Approval and Prohibitions, etc :- (1) No person shall import, export, transport, manufacture, process, use or sell any hazardous micro-organisms or genetically engineered organisms/substances or cells except with the approval of the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee. (2) Use of pathogenic micro-organisms or any genetically engineered organisms or cells for the purpose of research shall only be allowed in laboratories or inside laboratory area notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests for this purpose under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. (3) The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee shall give directions to the occupier to determine or take measures concerning the discharge of micro-organisms/genetically engineered organisms or cells mentioned in the Schedule from the laboratories, hospitals and other areas including prohibition of such discharge and laying down measures to be faken to prevent such discharges. (4) Any person operating or using genetically engineered organisms/micro-organisms mentioned in the schedule for scale up or pilot operations shall have to obtain licence issued by the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee for any such activity. The possessor shall have to apply for licence in prescribed proforma. (5) Certain experiments for the purpose of education within the field of gene technology or micro-organism may be carried out outside the laboratories and laboratory areas mentioned in sub-rule (2) and will be looked after by the Institutional Biosafety Committee. 8. Production :- Production in which genetically engineered organisms or cells or micro-organisms are generated or used shall not be commenced except with the consent of Genetic Engineering Approval Committee with respect of discharge of genetically engineered organisms or cells into the environment. This shall also apply to production taking place in connection with development, testing and experiments where such production, etc., is not subject to Rule 7. 9. Deliberate or unintentional release :- (1) Deliberate or unintentional release of genetically engineered organisms/hazardous micro-organisms or cells, including deliberate release for the purpose of experiment shall not be allowed. (2) The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee may in special cases give approval of deliberate release. 10. Permission and approval for certain substances :- Substances and products, which contain genetically engineered organisms or cells or microorganisms shall not be produced, sold, imported or used except with the approval of Genetic Engineering Approval Committee. 11. Permission and approval for food-stuffs :- Food-stuffs, ingredients in food-stuffs and additives including processing aids containing or consisting of genetically engineered organisms or cells, shall not be produced, sold, imported or used except with the approval of the Generic Engineering Approval Committee. 12. Guidelines :- (1) Any person who applies for approval under Rules 8 to 11 shall, as determined by the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee submit information and make examinations or cause examinations to be made to elucidate the case, including examinations according to specific directions and at specific laboratories. He shall also make available an onsite emergency plan to GEAC before obtaining the approval. If the authority makes examination itself, it may order the applicant to defray the expenses incurred by it in so doing. (2) Any person to whom an approval has been granted under Rules 8 to 11 above shall notify the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee of any change in or addition to the information already submitted. 13. Grant of approval :- (1) In connection with the granting of approval under Rules 8 to 11 above, terms and conditions shall be stipulated, including terms and conditions as to the control to be exercised by the applicant, supervision, restriction on use, the layout of the enterprise and as to the submission of information to the State Biotechnology Co- ordination Committee or to the District Level Committee. (2) All approvals of the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee shall be for a specific period not exceeding four years at the first instance renewable for 2 years at a time. 'The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee shall have powers to revoke such approval in the following situations. (a) If there is any new information as to the harmful effects of the genetically engineered organisms or cells; (b) If the genetically engineered organisms or cells cause such damage to the environment, nature or health as could not be envisaged when the approval was given; or (c) Non-compliance of any condition stipulated by Genetic Engineering Approval Committee. 14. Supervision :- (1) The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee may supervise the implementation of the terms and conditions laid down in connection with the approvals accorded by it. (2) The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee may carry out this supervision through the State Biotechnology Co-ordination Committee or the State Pollution Control Boards/District Level Committee or through any person authorised in this behalf. 15. Penalties :- (1) If an order is not complied with, the District Level Committee or State Biotechnology Co-ordination Committee may take measures at the expense of the person who is responsible. (2) In case where immediate intervention is required in order to prevent any damage to the environment, nature or health, the District Level Committee or State Biotechnology Co-ordination Committee may take the necessary steps without issuing any order or notice. The expenses incurred for this purpose will be repayable by the person responsible for such damage. sold, imported or used except with the approval of the Generic Engineering Approval Committee. 16. Responsibility to notify interruptions or accidents :- (1) Any person who under Rules 7 to 11 is responsible for conditions or arrangements shall immediately notify the District Level Committee/State Biotechnology Coordination Committee and the State Medical Officer of any interruption of operations or accidents that may lead to discharges of genetically engineered organisms or cells which may be harmful to the environment, nature or health or involve any danger thereto. (2) Any notice given under sub-rule (1) above shall not lessen the duty of the person who is responsible to try effectively to minimise or prevent the effects of interruptions of operations or accidents. 17. Preparation of off-site emergency Plan by the DLC :- (1) It shall be the duty of the DLC to prepare an off-site emergency plan detailing how emergencies relating to a possible major accident at a site will be dealt with and in preparing the plan, the DLC shall consult the occupier and such other person as it may deem necessary. (2) For the purpose of enabling the DLC to prepare the emergency plan required under sub-rule (1), the occupier shall provide the DLC with such information relating to the handling of hazardous micro- organisms/genetically engineered organisms under his control as the DLC may require including the nature, extent and likely off-site affects of a possible major accident and the DLC shall provide the occupier with any information from the off-site emergency plan which relates to his duties under Rule 16. 18. Inspections and informations regarding finance :- (1) The State Biotechnology Co-ordination Committee or the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee/the DLC or any person with special knowledge duly authorised by the State Biotechnology Co-ordination Committee or the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee or the DLC where it is deemed necessary, at any time on due production of identity be admitted to public as well as to private premises and localities for the purpose of carrying out supervision. (2) Any person who is responsible for activities subject to Rules 7 to 11 above shall at the request of District Level Committee or State Biotechnology Co-ordination Committee or the GEAC submit all such information including information relating to financial conditions and accounts, as is essential to the authority's administration under these rules. He shall also allow supervision or inspection by the authorities or persons indicated in sub-rule (1). (3) The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee may fix fees to cover, in whole or in part, the expenses incurred by the authorities in connection with approvals, examinations, supervisions and control. 19. Appeal :- (1) Any person aggrieved by a decision made by Genetic Engineering Approval Committee/State Biotechnology Co-ordination Committee in pursuance of these rules may within thirty days from the date on which the decision is communicated to him, prefer an appeal to such authority as may be appointed by Ministry of Environment and Forests provided that the Appellate Authority may entertain the appeal after the expiry of the said period of thirty days if such authority is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from filing the appeal in time. 20. Exemption :- The Ministry of Environment and Forests shall, wherever necessary, exempt an occupier handling a particular micro- organism/genetically engineered organism from Rules 7 to 11. SCHEDULE 1 Bacterial Animal and Human Pathogens SCHEDULE Bacterial Risk Group II Acinetobacter calcoacetieus Actinobacillus all species except A mallei, which is in Risk Group III Aeromonoas hydrophila Arizona hinshawii all sero-types Bacillus anthracis Bordetella all species Borrelia recurrentis B. vincenti Campylobacter fetus Campylobacter jejuni Chalamydia psittaci Cheamydia trachomatis Clostridium chauvoei, Cl. Difficile Cl. fallax, C. haemolyticum Cl bistolyticum, Cl, novyi, (Cl. perfringes), Cl. speticum, Cl. Sordelli Cornylebacterium diptheriae, C. equi, C. haemolyticum, C. pseudo tuberculosis, C. pyo-genes, C. renale Diplococcus (Streptococcus) pneumoniae Edwardsiila tarda Erysipelothix insidiosa Escherichia Coli all enteropathogenic serotypes enterotoxigenic Haemophilus ducrevi, H. influ-en/ae, H. Pneumoniae Herellea vaginicola Klebsiella all species and all serotypes Legionlla pneumophila Letionella Leptospira Interrogans all serotypes reported in India Listeria, all species Mima polymorpha Moraxella All species Mycobacteria all species including Mycobacterium avium M. bovis M. tuberculosis, M. leprae Mycoplasma all species except M. mycoides and M. an-galactiae Neisseric gonorrhoea, N. meningitis Pasteurella all species except those listed in Risk Group III Salmonella all species and all serotypes Shigella all species and all serotypes Sphaerophorus necrophorus Staphylococcus aureus Steptobacillus moniliformis Steptococcus pneumoniaili Steptococcus pyogenes, S. equi Streptomyces madurae, S. pelleteri, S. somaliensis Treponema carateum, T. pallidum and T. pertenue Vibrio foetus, V. comma including biotype El Tor and V. Parahemolyticus. Vibrio cholerae Risk Group III: Actinobacillus mallei Bartonella all species Brucella all species Clostridium botulium, Cl. tetani Francisella tularensis Mycobacterium avium, M. bovis, M. tuberculosis, M. leprae Pasteurella multocida type B ("buffalo" and other foreign virulent strains) Pseudomonas pseudomallai Yersinia pestis. Fungal Risk Group II Actinomycetes (including No-cardia Sp., Actinomyces species and Arachina prpinica) Aspergillus fumigatus Blastomyces dermatitis Cryptococcus neoformans C. fersiminosos Epidermophyton madurella, microsporon Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Sporothrix Trichoderma Trichophyton Risk Group III Coccidioides immitis Histoplasma capsulatum Histoplasma capsulatum var buboissl Parasitic Risk Group II Entamoeba histolytica Leishmania species Naegleria gruberia Plasmodium theilera, P. babesia P. falcoparum Plasmodium babesia Schistosoma Toxoplasma gondii Toxocara canis Trichinella spiralis Trichomanas Trypanosoma cruzi Risk Group III Schisistosoma mansoni Viral Rickettsial and Chlamydial Risk Group II Adenoviruses Human, all types Avian loukosis Cache Valley virus CELO (avain adenovirus) Cosackie A and B viruses Corona viruses Cytomegalo viruses Dengue virus, when used for transmission experiments Echo viruses all types Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC) Flanders virus Hart Part virus Hepatitis associated antigen material hepatitis A and B viruses, non A and non B, HDV. Herpes viruses except herpes-virus simiae (monkey B virus) which is in Risk Group IV. Infectious Bovine Rhinotraechitis virus (IBR). Infectious Bursal diseases of poultry and infectious Bronchitus Infectious Larynogotraechitis (ILT) Influenza virus all types, except A/PR. 8/34 which is in Risk Group I Langat virus Leucosis Complex Lymphogranuloma venereum agent Marek's Disease virus Measles virus Mumps virus Newcastle disease virus (other than licensed strain for vaccine use) Parasinfluenza viruses all types except parainfluenza virus 3, SF4 strain, which is in Risk Group I Polio viruses all types wild and attenuated Poxviruses all types except Alastrim, monkey pox, sheep pox and white pox, wich depending on experiments are in Risk Group III or IV. Rabies virus all strains except rabies stret virus, which should be classified in Risk Group III when inoculated into cornivores Reoviruses all types Respiratory syncytial virus Rhinoviruses all types Rinderpest (other than vaccine strain in use) Rubella virus Stimian viruses all types except herpeavirus simlae (Monkey Virus) which is in Risk Group IV. Simlian virus 40. Ad 7 SV 40 (defective) Sindbis virus Tensaw virus Turlock virus Vaccinia virus Varicella virus Vole rickettsia Yellow fever virus, 17D vaccine strain Risk Group III African House Sickness (attenuated strain except animal passage). Alastrim, monkey pox and whitepox, when used into vitro. Arboviruses All strains except those in Risk Groups II and IV Blue tongue virus (only serotypes reported in India) Ebola fever virus Epstein Barr virus Feline Leukemia Feline Sarcoma Foot and Mouth Disease virus (all serotypes and sub-types) Gibbon Ape Lymphosarcoma herpesvirus ateles herpesuirus saimiri heripes simplex 2 HIV - 1 and HIV - 2 and strains of SIV Infectious Equine Anaemia Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) Monkey pox, when used in vitro Non-defective Adeno-2 SV-40 hybrids Psittacosis-ornithosis-trachoma group of agents Pseudorabies virus Rabies street virus, when used inoculations of carnivores Rickttsia all species except Vole rickenitsia and Coxiell bumetti when used for vector transmission or animal inoculation experiments Sheep pox (field strain) Swine Fever virus Vesicular stomatitis virus Woolly monkey Fibrosarcoma Yaba pox virus Risk Group IV Alastrim, monkeypox, whitepox, when used/for transmission or animal inoculation experiments Hemorrhagic fever agents, including Crimean hemorrhagic fever (congo) Korean hemorrhagic fever and others as yet undefined Herpesvirus simlae (monkey B virus) Tick-borne encephalitis virus complex, including Russian Spring Summer Encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest Disease, omsk hemorrhagic fever and Central European encephalitis viruses. Special Category Bacteriall Contagious Equine Metritis (H. equinitalis) Pestis petit de ruminantium Viral Rickettsial and Chlamydial: African Horse Sickness virus (serotypes not reported in India anc challenge strains) African Swine Fever Bat rabies virus Blue tongue virus (serotypes not reported in India) Exoitic FMD virus types and sub-types Junin and Machupo viruses Lassa virus Marburg virus Murrey valley encephalitis virus Rift Valley Fever virus Smallpox virus Archieval storage and propagation Swine Vesicular Disease Veneseulan equine encephalitis virus epidemic strains Western Equine encephalitis virus Yellow fever virus Wild strain Other Arboviruses causing esi-zootics and so far not recorded in India. B: Plant Pests : Any living stage (including active and dormant forms) of insects, mites, nematodes, slugs, snails, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, other parasitic plants or reproductive parts thereof; viruses or any organisms similar to or allied with any of the foregoing; or any infectious agents or substances, which can directly or indirectly injure or cause disease or damage in or to any plants or parts thereof, or any processed, manufactured, or other products of plants are considered plant pests. Organisms belonging to all lower Taxa contained within the group listed are also included. 1. Viruses All Viroids All bacterial, fungal, algal, plant, insect and nematode viruses; special care should be taken for. (i) Gemini viruses; (ii) Caulimo viruses; (iii) Nuclear Polyhedrosis viruses; (iv) Granulosis viruses; and (v) Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses. 2. Bacteria Family pseudomonadaceae Genus Pseudomonas Genus Xanthomonas Genus Azotobacter Family Rhizobiaceae Genus Rhizobium/Azorhizobium Genus Bradyrhizobium Genus Agrobacterium Genus Phyllobacterium Genus Erwinia Genus Enctrobacter Genus Klebzieller Family Spirollacea Genus Azospirillum Genus Acquaspirillum Genus Oceonospirillum Family Streptomycetaceae Genus Streptomyes Genus Noeardia Family Actinomycetaceae Genus Actinomyes Coryneform Group Genus Clavibacter Genus Arthrobacter Genus Curtobacterium Genus Bdellovibro Family Rickettsiaceae Rickettsial like organisms associated with insect diseases Gram-negative phloem-limited bacteria associated with plant diseases Gram-negative xylem-limited bacteria associated with plant diseases Cynobacteria All members of blue-green algae Mollicutes Family Spiroplasmataceae Mycoplasma-like organisms associated with plant diseases Mycoplasma-like organisms associated with insect diseases Algae Family Chlorophyceae Family Euglenophyceae Family Pyrophyceae Family Chrysophaceae Family Phaephyceae Family Rhodophyceae Fungi Family Plasmodiophoraceae Family Chytridiaceae Family Olpidiopsidaceae Family Synchytriaceae Family Catenariaceae Family Coelomomycctaceae Family Saprolegniaceae Family Zoopagaceae Family Albuginaceae Family Peronosporaceae Family Pythiaceae Family Mucoraceae Family Choanephoraceae Family Mortiercllaceae Family Endogonaceae Family Syncephalastraceae Family Dimargaritaceae Family Kickxellaceae Family Saksenaeaceae Family Entomophthoraceae Family Ecerinaceae Family Taphrinaceae Family Endomycetaceae Family Saceharomycetaceae Family Eurotiaceae Family Gymnoascaceae Family Aseophaeriaceae Family Onygenaceae Family Microascaceae Family Protomycetaceae Family Elsinoeaceae Family Myriagiaceae Family Dothidiaceae Family Chactothyriaceae Family Pharmulariaceae Family Phillipriellaceae Family Gysteriaceae Family Pleosporaceae Family Melamomataceae Family Ophiostomatacea.e Family Aseosphaeriaceae Family Erysiphaceae Family Meliolaceae Family Xylariaceae Family Diaporthaceae Family Hypoereaceae Family Clavicipataceae Family Phacidiaceae Family Ascocorticiaceae Family Hemiphacidiaceae Family Dermataceae Family Sclerotiniaceae Family Cyttariaceae Family Helosiaceae Family Sarocostomataceae Family Sarcoscyphaceae Family Auricolariaceae Family Ceratobasidiaceae Family Corticiaceae Family Hymenochaetaceae Family Echinodintiacae Family Eistuliniaceae Family Clavariaceae Family Polyporaceae Family Tricholomataceae Family Ustilaginaceae Family Sporobolomycetaceae Family Uredinaceae Family Agaricaceae Family Graphiolaceae Family Pucciniaceae Family Melampsoraceae Family Gandodermataceae Family Labonlbeniaceae Family Sphaeropsidaceae Family Melabconiaceae Family Tuberculariaceae Family Dematiaceae Family Moniliaceae Family Aganomucetaceae Parasitic Weeds Family Balanophoraceae-parasitic species Family Cuscutaceae-parasitic species Family Thydonoraceae-parasitic species Family Lauraceae-parasitic species Genus Cassytha Family Leranthoceae-parasitic species Family Myzodendraceae-parasitic species Family Olacaceae-parasitic species Family Qrobanchaceae-parasitic species Family Rafflesiaceae-parasitic species Family Santalaceae-parasitic species Family Scrophulariaceae-parasitic species Protozoa Genus phytomonas And all Protozoa associated with insect diseases Nematodes Family Anguinidae Family Belonolaimidae Family Caloosiidae Family Cariconematidae Family Dolichodoridae Family Fergusobiidae Family Hemicycliophoridae Family Heteroderidae Family Hoplolaimidae Family Meloidogynidae Family Neotylenchidae Family Nothotylenchidae Family Paratylenchidae Family Pratylenchidae Family Tylenchidae Family Tylenchulidae Family Aphelenchoidiae Family Longidoridae Family Trichodoridae Mollusca Super family Planorbacea Super family Achatinacea Super family Arionacea Super family Limacacea Super family Helicacea Super family Veronicellacea Arthropoda Super family Ascoidea Super family Dermanyssoidea Super family Erjophyoidea Super family Tetranychoidea Super family Eupodoidea Super family Tydeoidea Super family Erythraenoidea Super family Trombidioidea Super family Hydryphantoidea Super family Tarasonemoidea Super family Pyemotoiodea Super family Hemisarcoptoidea Super family Acaroidea Order Polydesmida Family Sminthoridae Family Forfieulidae Order Isoptera Order Thysanoptera Family Acrididea Family Gryllidae Family Gryllacridiedae Family Gryllotalpidae Family Phasmatidae Family Ronalecidae Family Tettigoniidae Family Tatragidae Family Thaumastocoridae Super family Piesmatoidea Super family Lygaeoidae Super family Idiostoloidea Super family Careoidea Super family Pentatomoidea Super family Pyrrhocomroidea Super family Tingoidea Super family Miroidea Order Homoptera Family Anobiidae Family Apionidae Family Anthribidae Family Bostrichidae Family Brentidae Family Bruchidae Family Buprestodae Family Byturidae Family Cantharidae Family Carabidae Family Ceambyceidae Family Chrysomelidae Family Coecinellidae Family Curculionidae Family Dermestidae Family Elateridae Family Hydrophilidae Family Lyctidae Family Meloidae Family Moredellidae Family Platypodiedae Family Scarabaeldae Family Scolytidae Family Selbytidae Family Lepidoptera Family Agromyzidae Family Anthomiidae Family Cecidomiidae Family Chioropidae Family Ephydridae Family Lonchaeidae Family Muscidae Family Otitidae Family Syrphidae Family Tephritidae Family Tipulidae Family Apidac Family Caphidae Family Chalcidae Family Cynipidae Family Eurytomidae Family formicidae Family Psilidae Family Sircidae Family Tenthredinidae Family Torymidae Family Xyloiopidae and also unclassified organisms and/or organisations whose classification is unknown and all other organisms associated with plant and insect diseases.