Paramjeet Singh, J.@mdashInstant civil revision has been filed under Article 227 of the Constitution of India for setting aside the order dated
07.02.2013 (Annexure P-6) passed by learned Civil Judge (Jr. Divn.), Karnal whereby application moved by petitioner-defendant No. 1 u/s 65 of
the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (in short ""the Act"") seeking permission to prove photostat copy of Will dated 23.11.1981 allegedly executed by
Krishan Lal, by way of secondary evidence, has been dismissed. Shorn of unnecessary details, the facts relevant for disposal of the present petition
are to the effect that plaintiffs filed suit for declaration and possession with consequential relief of permanent injunction. The plaintiffs being legal
heirs of Krishan Lal have sought the possession of the property in dispute and claimed that the sale deed dated 26.05.2009 executed by
defendants No. 2 and 3 in favour of defendant No. 1 regarding the property in dispute and alleged Will dated 23.11.1981 executed by Krishan
Lal are null and void and not binding on the rights of the plaintiffs. During the pendency of suit, defendant No. 1 filed application for leading
secondary evidence in shape of photostat copy of Will dated 23.11.1981 executed by Krishan Lal. It was mentioned in the application that
defendant No. 1 filed list of witnesses and summoned the record i.e. probation petition No. 358/88, instituted on 05.12.1998 from Delhi Court
wherein the probation was sought on the basis of Will dated 23.11.1981. Defendant No. 1 inspected the relevant record and found that original
Will is not there and photostat copy of the same is placed on record. On enquiry being made from defendants No. 2 and 3, defendant No. 1 came
to know that original Will dated 23.11.1981 has been lost and they could not find the same. The case of the petitioner is totally based upon the
alleged Will dated 23.11.1981 as well as the sale deed dated 26.05.2009. Therefore, the application was filed by defendant No. 1 for proving the
photostat copy of the alleged Will dated 23.11.1981 by way of secondary evidence. The said application was contested by the plaintiffs. It was
averred that the alleged Will dated 23.11.1981 is a forged and fabricated document. The loss of alleged Will dated 23.11.1981 has not been
reported to the police. It was also mentioned that the alleged sale deed dated 26.05.2009 is also a forged and fabricated document. Vide
impugned order dated 07.02.2013, the trial Court after considering the pleadings dismissed the said application. Hence, this revision petition.
2. I have heard learned counsel for the parties and perused the record.
3. Learned counsel for the petitioner has vehemently contended that the petitioner is entitled to prove the alleged Will dated 23.11.1981 by leading
secondary evidence as the original of the same has been lost. Factum with regard to the loss of alleged original Will need not be strictly proved but
a foundation has to be laid which has been laid down in the application. The learned counsel has further contended that existence of alleged Will
dated 23.11.1981 is prima facie proved on the basis of register of deed writer, probate proceedings and sale deed executed by defendants No. 2
and 3. The loss of alleged Will dated 23.11.1981 is apparently proved. However, the trial court has dismissed the application in mechanical
manner only on the ground that case of probate proceedings have not matured and has been adjourned sine die and without affording adequate
opportunity.
4. Per contra, learned counsel for respondent No. 1 has contended that the alleged Will is a forged and fabricated document. The petitioner has
failed to prove the existence and loss of the same. As such, photostat copy of the alleged Will cannot be allowed to be produced by way of
secondary evidence unless its authenticity is proved.
5. I have considered the rival contentions of learned counsel for the parties and perused the record.
6. Before I deal with the rival contentions of learned counsel for the parties, it would be appropriate to understand the basic idea behind the
provisions of the Act relating to relevancy and evidentiary value of the documentary evidence in proving or disproving the claim. Since the power
of documentary evidence in either proving or disproving a claim is undeniable, therefore, determination of question of admissibility of document is
crucial in any trial for it can change the course of entire trial and consequently fate of parties. The Act entails elaborate provisions relating to
admissibility of documents. ''Best Evidence Rule'' is a golden thread which runs through the provisions relating to admissibility of evidence, and
when seen in context of documentary evidence such rule is enshrined in section 64 of the Act which provides that documents must be proved by
primary evidence. The best evidence rule requires that if the contents of a writing are to be proved, the document must be proved. Some
documents are self-authenticated such as ancient documents, recorded deeds and other documents over 30 years old. However other documents
are required to be proved in accordance with the provisions of the Act. Needless to say that in cases where the document cannot be proved by
primary evidence secondary evidence to prove the same is permissible under the Act. While the photostat copy of a document which is accurate
reflection of original document is accepted as secondary evidence but it has to be shown that the photostat copy is authentic and accurate
reproduction of the original. This is so because a photostat copy may be result of manipulation as it is susceptible to purposeful or accidental
alteration or incorrect processing. The potential of fraud exists with all photostat copies as they can be altered through redacting information
performing cut and paste job, transparency tape lift-of method, electronic editing etc. It is in this background that issue of admissibility of photostat
copy of a document is to be determined which can be done in better manner by analysing the paradigms of law on secondary evidence and the
laws dealing with ancillary issue like admissibility of photostat document.
7. This issue has arisen before the Hon''ble Supreme Court and various High Courts on various occasions and has been answered in different but
mutually reconcilable ways based on facts of each case. Thus, it is desirable to figure out the basic principles enunciated by the courts in this regard
with a view to answer following questions:
1. In what circumstances Photostat Copy can be tendered in evidence?
2. Whether photostat copy of a document comes within the meaning & definition of ''secondary evidence'' as contained in section 63 of the Act?
8. Since, the questions are inextricably linked these will be answered together. However, before discussing the judgments on the issue, it would be
appropriate to examine the relevant provisions of the Act reproduced below wherein in fact the answer to questions raised above lies:
Section 63. Secondary Evidence.-Secondary evidence means and includes--
(1) Certified copies given under the provisions hereinafter contained;
(2) Copies made from the original by mechanical processes which in themselves insure the accuracy of the copy, and copies compared with such
copies;
(3) Copies made from or compared with the original;
(4) Counterparts of documents as against the parties who did not execute them;
(5) Oral accounts of the contents of a document given by some person who has himself seen it.
Section 65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given.-Secondary evidence may be given of the existence, condition
or contents of a document in the following cases--
(a) when the original is shown or appears to be in the possession or power--
of the person against whom the document is sought to be proved, or of any person out of reach of, or not subject to, the process of the Court, or
of any person legally bound to produce it, and when, after the notice mentioned in section 66, such person does not produce it;
(b) when the existence, condition or contents of the original have been proved to be admitted in writing by the person against whom it is proved or
by his representative in interest;
(c) when the original has been destroyed or lost, or when the party offering evidence of its contents cannot, for any other reason not arising from
his own default or neglect, produce it in reasonable time;
(d) when the original is of such a nature as not to be easily movable;
(e) when the original is a public document within the meaning of section 74;
(f) when the original is a document of which a certified copy is permitted by this Act, or by any other law in force in India to be given in evidence;
(g) when the originals consist of numerous accounts or other documents which cannot conveniently be examined in Court and the fact to be proved
is the general result of the whole collection.
In cases (a), (c) and (d), any secondary evidence of the contents of the document is admissible.
In case (b), the written admission is admissible.
In case (e) or (f), a certified copy of the document, but no other kind of secondary evidence, is admissible.
In case (g), evidence may be given as to the general result of the documents by any person who has examined them, and who is skilled in the
examination of such documents.
9. Photostat copy of a document is generally sought to be admitted as secondary evidence by virtue of Section 63(2) of the Act which provides
that copies of original made from mechanical process ensuring in itself the accuracy of such copies are admissible as secondary evidence. While the
photostat copies can be used for court purposes as evidential documentation but it is desirable that original be examined in all possible cases but
when original is not available for reasons beyond one''s control, photostat copy of a document may be examined to reach definite conclusions.
However, before that the party seeking to produce the same must show that any of the circumstances mentioned in Section 65 of the Act exists
warranting leading of secondary evidence. The controversy is generally with regard to cases falling under clauses (a) or (c) of Section 65 of the Act
wherein the original is alleged to be lost or in the possession of opposite party.
10. The Hon''ble Supreme Court in Ashok Dulichand Vs. Madahavlal Dube and Another, while dealing with a case under clause (a) of Section 65
of the Act, upheld the decision of the High Court wherein it recorded a finding that the photostat copy did not appear to be above suspicion and
could not be admitted. In arriving at this finding, the High Court considered the facts that there was no other material on the record (except the
affidavit of appellant himself) to indicate that the original document was in the possession of respondent No. 1, the appellant failed to explain as to
what were the circumstances under which the photostat copy was prepared and who was in possession of the original document at the time its
photograph was taken; respondent No. 1 in his affidavit denied being in possession of or having anything to do with such document. Thus, it was
held that no foundation had been laid by the appellant for leading secondary evidence in the shape of the photostat copy.
11. In Smt. J. Yashoda Vs. Smt. K. Shobha Rani, , the Hon''ble Supreme Court while dealing with issue of admissibility of photocopy of a
document, original whereof was in possession of third party, came to a conclusion that since, the conditions mentioned in Section 65 of the Act
were not fulfilled, photostat copy could not be allowed to be produced as secondary evidence. The court relied on Ashok Duli Chand''s case
(supra) and observed as under:
The rule which is the most universal, namely that the best evidence the nature of the case will admit shall be produced, decides this objection that
rule only means that, so long as the higher or superior evidence is within your possession or may be reached by you, you shall give no inferior proof
in relation to it. Section 65 deals with the proof of the contents of the documents tendered in evidence. In order to enable a party to produce
secondary evidence it is necessary for the party to prove existence and execution of the original document. u/s 64, documents are to be provided
by primary evidence. Section 65, however permits secondary evidence to be given of the existence, condition or contents of documents under the
circumstances mentioned. The conditions laid down in the said Section must be fulfilled before secondary evidence can be admitted. Secondary
evidence of the contents of a document cannot be admitted without non-production of the original being first accounted for in such a manner as to
bring it within one or other of the cases provided for in the Section.
12. The Hon''ble Supreme Court in H. Siddiqui (dead) by L.Rs. Vs. A. Ramalingam, while dealing with Section 65 of the Act opined that though
the said provision permits the parties to adduce secondary evidence, yet such a course is subject to a large number of limitations. In a case where
the original documents are not produced at any time, nor has any factual foundation been laid for giving secondary evidence, it is not permissible
for the court to allow a party to adduce secondary evidence. Thus, secondary evidence relating to the contents of a document is inadmissible, until
the non-production of the original is accounted for, so as to bring it within one or other of the cases provided for in the section. The secondary
evidence must be authenticated by foundational evidence that the alleged copy is in fact a true copy of the original. It has been further held that
mere admission of a document in evidence does not amount to its proof. Therefore, it is the obligation of the Court to decide the question of
admissibility of a document in secondary evidence before making endorsement thereon.
13. Recently in U. Sree Vs. U. Srinivas, the Hon''ble Supreme Court has held that mere denial by the party to produce the original document in
whose possession it is stated to be does not lay down foundational facts for producing secondary evidence.
14. Likewise in cases falling under clause (c) of Section 65 of the Act wherein the original document is alleged to be lost or destroyed and a
photostat copy is sought to be produced, the courts have cautioned against eager admissibility of such copies, specifically when it is lost or
destroyed by the party in whom it created an enforceable right and who seeks to produce photostat copy of the same whereas, on the other hand,
if a photostat copy is produced by a party who has no interest in manipulating it, it is generally admitted as secondary evidence.
15. While dealing with a case falling under clause (c) of Section 65 of the Act, the Hon''ble Supreme Court in Benga Behera and Another Vs.
Braja Kishore Nanda and Others, wherein the Will was sought to be proved by way of secondary evidence, observed that it was obligatory on the
part of first respondent to establish the loss of original will beyond all reasonable doubt. Since his testimony in this regard remained
uncorroborated, therefore, photocopy could not be admitted as secondary evidence. This Court in Mukesh Kumar alias Motta Vs. State of
Haryana, while relying on Division Bench judgment of Patna High Court in Chaudhuri Janardan Parida and Others Vs. Prandhan Das, ) observed
as under:
Therefore, it may be noticed that to permit secondary evidence of such a document which has been destroyed by a person in whose possession it
was and in whose favour it created an enforceable legal right or an obligation is normally not to be allowed as secondary evidence. The secondary
evidence of such a document may be tampered with or changed and it would be against public policy to take a chance of running the risk of fraud
being committed. Besides, the destruction of the instrument may make a party liable for a contract which had either not been agreed to or had been
rescinded with the destruction of document. Therefore, secondary evidence in such circumstances where document itself has been destroyed by
the person in whom it created an enforceable legal right or an obligation is normally not be allowed.
16. These observations were made in a case where the person seeking to produce the photostat copy could not explain that from where he got the
photostat. A doubt was, thus, created on authenticity of the photostat copy. It was therefore observed:
Photostat copies of documents can be prepared by manipulation and presented as original. Therefore, it would normally be unsafe on the mere
asking to allow production of photostat copies as secondary evidence. These are admittedly not certified copies of the original and it is not clear as
to whether these are copies of the original.
Thus it may be said that before being admitted as secondary evidence being copies prepared by mechanical process, the authenticity of the
Photostat document has to be established where photostat copy of a document is produced and there is no proof of its accuracy or of its having
been compared with or its being true reproduction of the original, it cannot be considered as secondary evidence. In other words, photostat copy
of a document is not admissible as secondary evidence unless proved to be genuine or is admitted by opposite party. Clause (2) of section 63 has
two requirements first - the copies should be prepared from a mechanical process and second - the process should be such which in itself ensures
accuracy of copy. While every Photostat copy is prepared by mechanical process however, it may or may not be accurate, therefore its
admissibility as secondary evidence in view of clause (2) of Section 63 of the Act is subject to proof of the fact that it was a correct copy of
original document. Similar observations have been made by this Court in Prem Lata v. Dwarka Prasad and Ors. CR No. 4913 decided on
23.08.2013 and Rajasthan Golden Transport Company Vs. LRs. of Amritlal, Therefore, even when the permission to produce photostat copy of a
document as secondary evidence is granted, it is open for the parties to argue about the probative value attached to it. When it is shown that
photostat copy by itself is a suspicious document, it cannot be relied upon. Following observations of the Hon''ble Madhya Pradesh High Court in
Kanchan Malhotra v. Yashvir Singh 1986 (1) HLR 387 are relevant in this regard:
Now, it may be stated that the photostat copy could not just be readily accepted as a reliable piece of secondary evidence unless there was
clinching proof that (i) this photostat copy truly represented some original or its counter-foil, (ii) this photostat copy was prepared by mechanical
process by someone at some particular place on any particular date and at any particular time and (iii) the original or its counter-foil from which this
photostat copy was prepared, was produced at the relevant time by any person in custody of such document.
17. Since the aforesaid requirements were not met in that case, it was held that Photostat copy itself being suspicious document, no probative value
could be attached to it.
18. The proposition of law laid down in aforesaid judgments provides answers to the questions raised above. Thus a Photostat copy of a
document can be produced in evidence only when it is alleged and proved that the original was in existence and is lost or destroyed or is in
possession of opposite party who failed to produce it or in any other circumstances mentioned in section 65 of the Act. These foundational facts,
however, are to be proved by leading cogent evidence. As regards the question whether photostat copy of a document comes within the meaning
& definition of ''secondary evidence'' as contained in section 63 of the Act, there cannot be absolute answer because every photostat copy may
not be accurate. For this purpose the probative value of the Photostat copy has to be proved independently.
19. The principles culled out from the aforesaid discussion are summarized below:
a) Photostat copy of a document can be allowed to be produced only in absence of original document.
b) When a party seeks to produce Photostat copy it has to lay the foundational facts by proving that original document existed and is lost or is in
possession of opposite party who failed to produce it. Mere assertion of the party is not sufficient to prove these foundational facts.
c) The objections as to non existence of such circumstances or non existence of foundational facts must be taken at earliest by the opposite party
after the photostat copy is tendered in evidence.
d) When the opposite party raises objection as to authenticity of the Photostat copy its authenticity has to be determined as every copy made from
a mechanical process may not be accurate. Both the requirements of clause (2) of section 63 are to be satisfied.
e) Allowing production of Photostat copy in evidence does not amount to its proof. Its probative value has to be proved and assessed
independently. It has to be shown that it was made from original at particular place and time.
f) In cases where the Photostat copy is itself suspicious it should not be relied upon. Unless the court is satisfied that the Photostat copy is genuine
and accurate it should not be read in evidence.
g) The accuracy of photostat copy shall be established on oath to the satisfaction of court by the person who prepared such copy or who can
speak of its accuracy.
20. The abovesaid principles must be followed by the courts while admitting a photostat copy as secondary evidence and assessing its probative
value.
21. In the case in hand, the photostat copy of the alleged Will is sought to be produced by way of secondary evidence. It is pertinent to mention
here that sale deed has been executed on the basis of alleged Will, however, without appreciating the said fact, the trial Court has dismissed the
application on the only ground that case of probate proceedings have not matured and has been adjourned sine die. Proper opportunity has not
been afforded to the petitioner to lay down foundation for leading secondary evidence.
22. In view of above, the impugned order dated 07.02.2013 (Annexure P-6) is set aside. The petitioner-defendant No. 1 would be afforded an
opportunity to lead evidence to prove existence and loss of the alleged Will dated 23.11.1981 and plaintiffs shall also be afforded an opportunity
to rebut it. Thereafter, the trial Court shall decide as to whether the photostat copy of the alleged Will should be admitted as secondary evidence.
Its probative value shall be independently assessed by the trial Court in accordance with the settled principles of law. Disposed of in the
aforementioned terms.
