Das, J.@mdashThis is an appeal filed with the special leave of this Court. It is directed against the judgment and decree passed on December 2,
1949, by a Division Bench (Weston and Shah JJ.) of the Bombay High Court reversing, on the ground of absence of jurisdiction, the judgment and
decree for possession passed on January 24, 1949, by the Bombay City Civil Court and directing the return of the plaint for presentation to the
proper Court.
2. There is no dispute as to the facts material for the purposes of this appeal. On or about April 15, 1908, the Board of Trustees for the
Improvement of the City of Bombay put up to auction plots Nos. 16, 17 and 18 of new survey Nos. 8234, 8235 and 8244 situate on the Princess
Street Estate of the Board containing an area of 2235 square yards for being let on certain conditions. One Sitaram Luxman was the highest bidder
and was declared the tenant at an annual rent per square yard to be calculated at the rate of 4 1/2 per cent. of Rs. 29 per square yard and he
signed the memorandum of agreement incorporating the conditions upon which the auction was held and by which he agreed to be bound. He
deposited the moneys in terms of clause 3 of the conditions, and upon such payment entered into possession of the plots. By clause 7 Sitaram
Luxman agreed, within the time specified therein, to build and complete at a cost of not less than Rs. 50,000 a building consisting of 5 floors with
suitable offices, drains etc. according to plans and specifications to be made by an approved architect and approved by the Board. By clause 17
he agreed, so soon as the main building should be roofed in, to insure in the joint names of the Board and of himself and, until the granting of the
lease thereinafter provided, keep insured the buildings and works on the plots for the full value thereof. Clause 18 of the conditions was as follows
:-
18. The lease. Immediately after the completion within the time limited by condition 7 of the said buildings and works to the satisfaction of the
Trust Engineer testified by his certificate the Trustees will if the contract has not previously been determined grant to the tenant or his approved
nominee who shall accept the same a lease of the said plot with buildings thereon for the term of 999 years from the date of the auction at the
yearly rent calculated in accordance with the accepted bidding for the plot.
3. Clause 25 gave power to the Board, if the buildings were not completely finished within the stipulated time and on certain other contingencies, to
forfeit the deposit and to enter upon and retain possession of the plots and all buildings and works then standing thereon.
4. Pursuant to this agreement the said Sitaram Luxman erected on those plots a building which has since come to be known as the New Sitaram
Building. On the completion of the building, by an Indenture of lease made on April 19, 1916, between the Trustees for the Improvement of the
City of Bombay and one Rustomji Dhunjibhoy Sethna the receiver of the estate of Sitaram Luxman appointed by the High Court in Suit No. 720
of 1913, the Trustees, pursuant to the said agreement and in consideration of the monies which had been expended in the erection of the buildings
and of the rent and the covenants thereinafter reserved and contained, demised unto the lessee all that piece of the land situate on their Princess
Street estate together with the buildings erected thereon to hold the same for 999 years from April 15, 1908, paying therefore up to January, 15,
1909, the rent of Re. 1 and during the remainder of the term the yearly rent of Rs. 2,916 equal quarterly payments. By the said Indenture the
lessee covenanted to pay all rates and taxes, not to use or to permit to be used, without the lessor''s consent, the portion of land not built upon
except as open space, not to pull down, add to or alter the buildings without such consent, to keep in repair all drains, sewers etc., to repair, pave,
cleanse and paint and amend all the buildings, walls etc., to permit the lessors and their employees to enter upon the premises to inspect the
conditions thereof on 48 hours'' notice, to use the demised premises for residential purposes or as offices and schools only and not as a public
house or liquor shop or for any business or trade, throughout the term to keep the buildings insured against fire in the joint names of the lessor and
the lessee and to rebuild or reinstate and repair the building if destroyed or damaged by fire or otherwise. There was a proviso for re-entry for
non-payment of rent for 30 days or for breach of any of the lessee''s covenants.
5. In 1925 all the properties of the Trustees for the Improvement of the City of Bombay vested in the Bombay Municipality under and by virtue of
Bombay Act XVI of 1925. By a deed of assignment made on April 26, 1948, Shri Bhatia Co-operate Housing Society Limited, a society
registered under the Bombay Co-operative Societies Act, VII of 1921, the appellant before us, acquired the lessee''s interest in the demised
premises.
6. On June 29, 1948, the appellant served a notice on the respondent before us who was a monthly tenant in occupation of Block No. B/2 on the
ground floor of the New Sitaram Building at a monthly rental of Rs. 52-5-9 to quit and vacate the same on July 31, 1948. By his advocate''s reply
the respondent maintained that he had been paying the rent regularly and otherwise performing the terms of his tenancy and claimed the protection
of the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947 (Act LVII of 1947).
7. The respondent not having vacated the block under his occupation on the expiry of the notice to quit, the appellant filed summary Suit No. 106
of 1948 against the respondent in the City Civil Court at Bombay for vacant possession of the said Block No. B/2 on the ground floor of the said
New Sitaram Buildings and mesne profits from August 1, 1948, until delivery of possession. After stating the material facts, the appellant submitted
that the Bombay Act LVII of 1947 did not apply to the demised premises. The respondent filed his written statement maintaining that u/s 28 of the
Bombay Act the City Civil Court had no jurisdiction to entertain the suit. He averred that he had performed and observed all the conditions of his
tenancy and was ready and willing to do so, that the New Sitaram Building had been constructed at the expense of the appellant''s predecessor in
title and that the premises belonged to the appellant and not to the Government or a local authority and that the respondent was entitled to the
protection of the Bombay Act LVII of 1947. Leaving out the issue as to whether the appellant was entitled to any compensation, there were 4
issues raising in effect two points, namely, (1) whether the Court had jurisdiction and (2) whether the Bombay Act LVII of 1947 applied to the
premises in suit.
8. The learned City Civil Court Judge in a well-considered and careful judgment answered the issues in favour of the appellant and decreed the
suit. The respondent appealed to the High Court. The High Court reversed the decision of the trial Judge and holding that the Bombay Act LVII of
1947 did apply to the premises and consequently that the City Civil Court, by virtue of section 28 of that Act, had no jurisdiction to entertain the
suit, directed that the plaint be returned to the appellant for being filed in the proper Court. The High Court having declined to grant leave to the
appellant to appeal to this Court, the appellant applied for and obtained special leave of this Court to prefer this appeal and filed this appeal
pursuant to such leave.
9. Learned counsel for the respondent took a preliminary objection, founded on the provisions of section 28 of the Bombay Act, that the City Civil
Court had no jurisdiction to entertain the suit, for that section clearly states that in Greater Bombay the Court of Small Causes alone shall have
jurisdiction to entertain and try any suit between a landlord and a tenant relating to the recovery of rent or possession of any premises to which any
of the provisions of that Part of the Act applied and to decide any application made under the Act and to deal with any claim or question arising
our of the Act and no other Court should have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding or to deal with such claim or question. If, as
contended for by the appellant, the Act does not apply to the premises, then section 28 which is an integral part of the Act and takes away the
jurisdiction of all Courts other than the Small Causes Court in Greater Bombay cannot obviously be invoked by the respondent. The crucial point,
therefore, in order to determine the question of the jurisdiction of the City Civil Court to entertain the suit, is to ascertain whether, in view of section
4 of the Act, the Act applies to the premises at all. If it does, the City Civil Court has no jurisdiction but if it does not, then it has such jurisdiction.
The question at once arises as to who is to decide this point in controversy. It is well settled that a Civil Court has inherent power to decide the
question of its own jurisdiction, although, as a result of its enquiry, it may turn out that it has no jurisdiction over the suit. Accordingly we think, in
agreement with the High Court, that this preliminary objection is not well founded in principle or on authority and should be rejected.
10. The main controversy between the parties is as to whether the Act applies to the demised premises. The solution of that controversy depends
upon a true construction of section 4(1) of the Bombay Act LVII of 1947, which runs as follows :-
4. (1) This Act shall not apply to any premises belonging to the Government or a local authority or apply as against the Government to any
tenancy or other like relationship created by a grant from the Government in respect of premises taken on lease or requisitioned by the
Government; but it shall apply in respect of premise let to the Government or a local authority.
11. It is clear that the above sub-section has three parts, namely -
(1) This Act shall not apply to premises belonging to the Government or a local authority,
(2) This Act shall not apply as against the Government to any tenancy or other like relationship created by grant from the Government in respect of
premises taken on lease or requisitioned by the Government,
(3) This Act shall apply in respect of premises let out to the Government or a local authority.
12. The contention of the appellant Society is that the demised premises belonged to the Trustees for the improvement of the City of Bombay and
now belong to the Bombay Municipality both of which bodies are local authorities and, therefore, the Act does not apply to the demised premises.
Learned counsel for the respondent, however, urges that the object of the Act, as recited in the preamble, is inter alia, to control rent. It follows,
therefore, that the object of the legislation was that the provisions of the Act would be applicable only as between the landlord and tenant. Section
4(1) provides for an exemption from or exception to that general object. The purpose of the first two parts of section 4(1) is to exempt two cases
of relationship of landlord and tenant from the operation of the Act, namely, (1) where the Government or a local authority lets out premises
belonging to it, and (2) where the Government lets out premises taken on lease or requisitioned by it. It will be observed that the second part of
section 4(1) quite clearly exempts ""any tenancy or other like relationship"" created by the Government but the first part makes no reference to any
tenancy or other like relationship at all but exempts the premises belonging to the Government or a local authority. If the intention of the first part
where as formulated in item (1), then the first part of section 4(1), like the second part, would have run thus :-
This Act shall not apply to any tenancy or other like relationship created by Government or local authority in respect of premises belonging to it.
13. The Legislature was familiar with this form of expression, for it adopted it in the second part and yet it did not use that form in the first. The
conclusion is, therefore, irresistible that the Legislature did not by the first part intend to exempt the relationship of landlord and tenant but intended
to confer on the premises belonging to Government an immunity from the operation of the Act.
14. Learned counsel for the respondent next contends that the immunity given by the first part should be held to be available only to the
Government or a local authority to which the premises belong. If that were the intention then the Legislature would have used phraseology similar
to what it did in the second part, namely, it would have expressly made the Act inapplicable ""as against the Government or a local authority"". This it
did not do and the only inference that can be drawn from this circumstance is that this departure was made deliberately with a view to exempt the
premises itself.
15. It is said that if the first part of the section is so construed as to exempt the premises from the operation of the Act, not only as between the
Government or a local authority on the one hand and its lessee on the other, but also as between that lessee and his subtenant, then the whole
purpose of the Act will be frustrated, for it is well known that most of the lands in Greater Bombay belong to the Government or one or other local
authority, e.g., Bombay Port Trust and Bombay Municipality and the greater number of tenants will not be able to avail themselves of the benefit
and protection of the Act. In the first place, the preamble to the Act clearly shows that the object of the Act was to consolidate the law relating to
the control of rents and repairs of certain premises and not of all premises. The Legislature may well have thought that an immunity given to
premises belonging to the Government or a local authority will facilitate the speedy development of its lands by inducing lessees to take up building
leases on terms advantageous to the Government or a local authority. Further, as pointed out by Romer L.J. in Clark v. Downes [1931] 145 L.T.
20, which case was approved by Lord Goddard C.J. in Rudler v. Franks [1947] 1 K.B. 530 such immunity will increase the value of the right of
reversion belonging to the Government or a local authority. The fact that the Government or a local authority may be trusted to act fairly and
reasonably may have induced the Legislature all the more readily to give such immunity to premises belonging to the Government or a local
authority but it cannot be overlooked that the primary object of giving this immunity was to protect the interests of the Government or a local
authority. This protection requires that the immunity should be held to attach to the premises itself and the benefit of it should be available not only
to the Government or a local authority but also to the lessee deriving title from it. If the benefit of the immunity was given only to the Government or
a local authority and not to its lessee as suggested by learned counsel for the respondent and the Act applied to the premises as against the lessee,
then it must follow that u/s 15 of the Act it will not be lawful for the lessee to sublet the premises or any part of it. If such were the consequences,
nobody will take a building lease from the Government or a local authority and the immunity given to the Government or a local authority will, for
all practical purposes and in so far at any rate as the building leases are concerned, be wholly illusory and worthless and the underlying purpose for
bestowing such immunity will be rendered wholly ineffective. In our opinion, therefore, the consideration of the protection of the interests of the
sub-tenants in premises belonging to the Government or a local authority cannot override the plain meaning of the preamble or the first part of
section 4(1) and frustrate the real purpose of protecting and furthering the interests of the Government or a local authority by conferring on its
property an immunity from the operation of the Act.
16. Finally, learned counsel for the respondent urges that the words ""belonging to"" have not been used in a technical sense and should be read in
their popular sense. It is pointed out that it was the lessee who erected the building at his own cost, he is to hold it for 999 years, he has the right of
subletting the building in whole or in part on rent and terms to be fixed by him, of ejecting sub-tenants, and of assigning the lease. Therefore, it may
fairly be said that the premises or, at any rate, the building belongs to the lessee and the rights reserved by the lease to the lessor are only by way
of security for the preservation of the building which, on the expiry or sooner determination of the lease, will vest in the lessor. This line of reasoning
has found favour with the High Court which has held that although in form the building belongs to the Bombay Muncipality who are the successors
in interest of the lessors, in substance the building belongs to the appellant, the assignee of the lessee, and not to the Bombay Municipality. We are
unable to accept this reasoning, for we see no reason to hold, in the circumstances of this case, that the substance does not follow the form. By the
operative part of the lease the demise is not only of the land but also of the building standing thereon. This demise is certainly an act of ownership
exercised by the lessor over the land as well as the buildings. u/s 105 of the Transfer of Property Act a lease is a transfer only of a right to enjoy
the demised premises, but there is no transfer of ownership or interest in the demised premises to the lessee such as there is in a sale (section 54)
or a mortgage (section 58). In the present case, the lessee cannot, on his own covenant, use the buildings in any way he likes. He has to use the
same only as offices or schools or for residential purposes and cannot, without the lessor''s consent, use them for purposes of any trade or
business. He cannot pull down the buildings or make any additions or alterations without the lessor''s consent. He cannot build upon the open
space. He must, if the premises are destroyed by fire or otherwise, reinstate it. The lessor has the right to enter upon and inspect the premises at
any time on giving 48 hours'' notice. All these covenants clearly indicate that the lessor has the dominant voice and the real ownership. What are
called attributes of ownership of the lessee are only the rights of enjoyment which are common to all lessees under well drawn leases, but the
ownership in the land and in the building is in the lessor. It is true that the lessee erected the building at his own cost but he did so for the lessor and
on the lessor''s land on agreed terms. The fact that the lessee incurred expenses in putting up the building is precisely the consideration for the
lessor granting him a lease for 999 years not only of the building but of the land as well at what may, for all we know, be a cheap rent which the
lessor may not have otherwise agreed to do. By the agreement the building became the property of the lessor and the lessor demised the land and
the building which, in the circumstances, in law and in fact belonged to the lessor. The law of fixtures u/s 108 of the Transfer of Property Act may
be different from the English law, but section 108 is subject to any agreement that the parties may choose to make. Here, by the agreement the
building became part of the land and the property of the lessor and the lessee took a lease on that footing. The lessee or a person claiming title
through him cannot now be heard to say that the building does not belong to the lessor. Forfeiture does not, for the first time, give title to the lessor.
On forfeiture he re-enters upon what has all along been his own property. Said Lord Macnaghten in Heritable Reversionary Company v. Mullar
[1892] A.C. 598 at p. 621 :-
The words ''property'' and ''belonging to'' are not technical words in the law of Scotland. They are to be understood, I think, in their ordinary
signification. They are in fact convertible terms; you can hardly explain the one except by using the other. A man''s property is that which is his
own, that which belongs to him. What belongs to him is his property.
17. In our opinion the interest of the lessor in the demised premises cannot possibly be described as a contingent interest which will become vested
on the expiry or sooner determination of the lease, for then the lessor could not have demised the premises including the building as he did or
before the determination of the lease exercise any act of ownership or any control over it as he obviously has the right to do under the covenants
referred to above. The truth is that the lessor, after the building was erected, became the owner of it and all the time thereafter the demised
premises which include the building have belonged to him subject to the right of enjoyment of the lessee in terms of the lease. If it were to be held
that the building belonged to the lessee by reason of his having put it up at his own cost and by reason of the attributes of ownership relied on by
learned counsel, then as between the local authority (the lessor) and the lessee also the building must for the same reason founded on what have
been called the attributes of ownership be held to belong to the lessee and the Act will apply. Surely that could not possibly be the case, for it
would mean that the Government or a local authority will always be bound by the Act in respect of the building put up by the lessee under building
leases granted by it in respect of land belonging to it. In that case the immunity given to the Government or a local authority will be wholly illusory
and worthless. In our view in the case before us the demised premises including the building belong to a local authority and are outside the
operation of the Act. This Act being out of the way, the appellants were well within their rights to file the suit in ejectment in the City Civil Court
and that Court had jurisdiction to entertain the suit and to pass the decree that it did.
18. The result, therefore, is that we allow this appeal, set aside the judgment and decree of the High Court and restore the decree passed by the
City Civil Court. The appellant will be entitled to costs throughout in all Courts.
19. Appeal allowed.
