@JUDGMENTTAG-ORDER
1. In respect of the assessment years 1971-72 and 1972-73 the appellant filed its return of income and claimed deduction for the amounts paid by
it to the Andhra Pradesh Welfare Fund, West Godavari (Branch Eluru) as a business expenditure u/s 37(1) of the income tax Act, 1961 (for short
''the Act'').
2. The case of the appellant was that it was carrying on the business of exporting rice from the State of Andhra Pradesh. This rice could not be
exported without the appellant''s obtaining a permit from the District Collector. The permits were given only if payment was made to a welfare fund
which had seen established. The income tax Officer, however, disallowed the deduction by holding that the said payment was neither mandatory,
nor statutory but only discretionary. He further observed that the welfare fund had not been approved by the Commissioner of income tax u/s 80-
G of the Act and, therefore, contribution to it could not be deducted.
3. The appeals filed by the appellant before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner met with no success. Thereupon, second appeals were filed
before the income tax Tribunal. The appeals were heard by a Full Bench of the Tribunal which, while allowing the appeals, came to the conclusion
that though there was no compulsion on the appellant to make a contribution to a welfare fund still the contributions made in pursuance of a scheme
which was evolved by the Rice Millers Association in consultation with the District Collector would show that an advantage would ensue on the
payment of the contribution and, therefore, the deduction was allowable u/s 37(1) of the Act. The Tribunal further held that such contributions
could not be held to be opposed to public policy. Against the order of the Tribunal disposing of the appeals the department filed four applications
u/s 256(1) of the Act whereupon the following question of law was referred:
Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the income tax Appellate Tribunal was justified to hold that the contribution made to the
welfare fund was not opposed to public policy and that the same was motivated purely by commercial consideration, and that the deduction was
allowable u/s 37(1)?
At the instance of the assessee the following question of law was referred:
Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Appellate Tribunal was justified in law in holding that the sum of Rs. 9,164/- paid by
the assessee towards contribution to the District Welfare Fund for getting permits from the Government of Andhra Pradesh for export of rice, did
not constitute business expenditure within the meaning of Section 37 of the income tax Act, 1961?
4. The High Court answered the questions of law in favour of the respondent. It referred to the establishment of the welfare fund and the payment
of money which used to be made and came to the conclusion that the contribution to the welfare fund was a pre condition for the grant of export
permits and, therefore, the appellant was right in contending that the contribution was a compulsory payment extracted from it as a price for
granting export permits. High Court, however, disallowed the deduction by coming to the conclusion that the payment of this amount was opposed
to public policy.
5. It is contended by Sh. A. Subba Rao, learned Counsel for the appellant that on the facts as found by the Tribunal the appellant was entitled to
deduction u/s 37(1) of the Act. He further submitted that the High Court erred in coming to the conclusion that the contribution which was made by
the millers like the appellant to the welfare fund could be equated with the giving of a bribe and, therefore, opposed to public policy, as was sought
to be suggested by the High Court while holding that the said contribution was contrary to public policy.
6. The district welfare fund had been established pursuant to a scheme which had been evolved by the rice millers association with the District
Collector. According to this each member of the association was to deposit an amount of fifty paise per quintal of rice if he proposed to export the
some from Andhra Pradesh. This deposit was to be made in the Andhra Bank. The application for the export permit was required to be made in a
form where in the applicant had to state the amount of contribution deposited by him, giving the particulars of the bank, the challan number and the
date. The High Court referred to the letter written to the Appellate Assistant Collector by the Collector in which it was stated as follows:
With reference to the representation of the Secretary the west Godvari District Rice Millers Association, Tadepallingudem, I am to inform you that
Welfare Fund at Rs. 0.50 paise per quintal is being collected in respect of all rice and broken rice permits issued on trade to trade accounts.
A similar letter had also been written to the income tax Officer at the time of assessment. From the aforesaid facts the High Court came to the
conclusion that the contribution was a compulsory one and was being collected from all the exporters of rice from the state of Andhra but the
contribution so made, which was linked with the obtaining of permits, was opposed to public policy and, on this ground, could not be allowed as
a-deduction u/s 37(1) of the Act.
7. The principles for determining whether such a payment can be regarded as being allowable as business expense are, in our opinion, well settled.
As long ago as in the case of Atherton v. British Insulated and Helsby Cables Ltd., 10 TC 155 191 (HL) it was observed that ""A sum of money
expended, not of necessity and with a view to a direct and immediate benefit to the trade, but voluntarily and on the grounds of commercial
expediency and in order indirectly to facilitate the carrying on of the business, may yet be expended wholly and exclusively for the purposes of
trade."" The aforesaid observation was quoted with approval by this Court in 281138 . Again in the case of 280770 a similar question arose for
consideration. The assessee who was managing agent was entitled to commission. It, however, relinquished part of the commission which was
receivable from the managing company, inter alia, for the reason that the financial condition of the managing company was unsatisfactory. The
question arose whether the amount relinquished was deductable as an expenditure or not. While upholding the claim for reduction this Court
observed at page 50 that ""Thus in cases like the present one in order to justify deduction the sum must by given up for reasons of commercial
expediency; it may be voluntary, but so long as it is incurred for the assessee''s benefit the deduction would be claimbable."" What, therefore, is to
be seen is not whether it was compulsory for the assessee to make the payment or not but the correct test is that of commercial expediency. As
long as the payment which is made is for the purposes of the business, and the payment made is not by way of penalty for infraction of any law, the
same would be allowable as a deduction.
8. This Court in the case of 274388 was considering a case where the assessee had suffered loss in an illegal transaction and the question arose
whether the same could be set off u/s 24 of the income tax Act, 1922 against the profits and gains of speculative transaction. While allowing the set
off it was observed that if a business is illegal, neither the profits earned nor the losses incurred would be enforceable in law but that does not take
the profits out of the taxing statute. Similarly the taint of illegality of the business cannot detract from the losses being taken into account for
computation of the amounts which can be subjected to tax u/s 10(1) of the 1922 Act. The tax collector, it was observed, cannot be heard to say
that he will bring the gross receipts to tax without deducting losses and the legitimate expenses of the business.
9. Again in the case of 283573 , a question arose with regard to the loss sustained by an assessee in the carrying on of an illegal business. The
respondent therein carried on smuggling activities and was apprehended by the Indian police while crossing the border into Pakistan and Rs.
65,000/- in currency notes were recovered from him. This money was being taken to Pakistan for the purposes of purchasing gold which was to
be smuggled into India. This amount was confiscated. Thereupon the income tax authorities came to the conclusion that the assessee, who was
carrying on the business of smuggling, was liable to income tax and he was accordingly assessed to tax. The assessee claimed deduction u/s 10 of
the 1922 Act of the loss of Rs. 65,000/- which had been confiscated by the customs authorities. While allowing this deduction it was held that the
carriage of the currency notes across the border was an essential part of the smuggling operation and detection by the customs authorities and
consequent confiscation was a necessary incident of the said business and constituted a normal feature of such an operation. The confiscation of
the currency notes was a loss which sprang directly from the carrying on of the business and was allowable as a deduction u/s 10 of the 1922 Act.
10. Even though this Court has in the cases of Piara Singh and S.C. Kothari (supra) held that loss suffered while carrying on illegal business is
allowable as a deduction, in the present case we find that the contribution which was made by the appellant could under no circumstances be
regarded as illegal payments on payments which were opposed to public policy. This is not a case where the assessee was paying any bride to any
person nor is this a case where money was being contributed to any private fund or for the benefit of any individual which could be regarded as a
form of illegal gratification. By a voluntary scheme, with which the District Collector was associated, the district welfare fund had been established
for the benefit of the general public. The payment to such a fund which was being used for public benefit cannot be regarded as being opposed to
public policy. Requiring payment to be made for a just cause which would entitle a businessman to obtain a licence or permit cannot be regarded
as being against the public policy.
11. A case similar to the present one came up for consideration before the Madhya Pradesh High Court in the case of 508495 ) . In this case the
Government of Madhya Pradesh had under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 passed an order which, inter alia, prohibited any person from
exporting gram from Madhya Pradesh except under and in accordance with the permit issued by the State Government. The Madhya Pradesh
Anaj Vyapari Maha Sangh, the association of foodgrain merchants of the State, addressed a representation to the Food Minister to the effect that
the stock of gulabi chana and other pulses was steadily deteriorating in quality because of want of market. The Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh
thereupon informed the President of the Maha Sangh that the Government had decided to allow liberally permits for the export of gulabi chana and
pulses outside the State. In the same letter the Chief Minister brought to the notice of the trading community that the kisans and labourers were
undergoing untold hardship on account of drought conditions resulting from the failure of the monsoon and, as the merchants were bound to earn
rich profits, he appealed to the trading community that they should contribute a portion of such profits to the Chief Minister''s Drought Relief Fund.
This was followed by a letter written by the Joint Secretary to the Maha Sangh asking the merchants to deposit Rs. 30 per quintal for the export of
gulabi chana and Rs. 5 per quintal for the export of pulses into the State Bank of India or the State Bank of Indore to the credit of the Chief
Minister''s Drought Relief Fund and to obtain duplicate receipt from the bank. It was further directed that the originals of such receipts were to be
sent along with the duly filled in application forms for permits to the Maha Sangh at Bhopal. Members were also required to send fifty paise per
quintal for meeting the administrative expenses of the said Maha Sangh. On the application being received in accordance with the aforesaid
documents the Maha Sangh forwarded the same, including the application of the assessee, to the relevant authorities of the Food Department
whereupon permits for export of gulabi chana or pulses, as mentioned in the application, were issued to the merchants. In his income tax return the
assessee claimed a deduction on the contribution so made to the Chief Minister''s Drought Relief Fund. The contention of the assessee was that
permit for exporting gulabi chana could not be obtained without the making of such a contribution and, therefore, making of the said donation
should be allowed as a deduction u/s 37(1) of the Act. The income tax Tribunal upheld the contention and at the instance of the Revenue reference
was made to the High Court u/s 256(1) of the Act. An earlier reference, on the same issue, had been decided by a Division Bench of the Madhya
Pradesh High Court in the case of 513643 ) . As the correctness of the same was challenged, the Division Bench referred Kuber Singh''s case to a
Full Bench. While holding that the decision in Akodiya''s case was not correctly decided the Full Bench held that any normal trader would have
realised that there was greater prospect of getting a permit for carrying on the export business in case he made a donation as requested by the
Chief Minister. The merchants had made the donations as a matter of commercial expediency to facilitate the obtaining of permits which were
necessary for carrying on the export trade. The nature of the expenditure was such that benefit to a third party or charity had resulted but that did
not disqualify it from being an expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively for purposes of business. The Full Bench distinguished this Court''s
decision in 278134 , by observing that in the case before it the donations which were made by the traders did not contravene any law and nor
were the donations made as penalty for infraction of any law. It, therefore, concluded that the Tribunal was right in holding that there was a direct
nexus between the assessee''s business and the donations made to the Chief Minister''s Drought Relief Fund and that the donations were allowable
u/s 37(1) of the Act and as expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively for purposes of the assessee''s business.
12. In our opinion the decision in Kuber Singh''s case correctly spells out the principle relating to the allow ability of such an expense which has
been incurred with a view to the promotion of an assessee''s business.
13. Same principle as was followed in Kuber Singh''s case has been applied, in somewhat different circumstances, by other High Courts and the
same has been approved by this Court. In 428419 , the Orissa High Court had to deal with a case where the assessee carried on the business of
supplying machines to Government Departments. The State Government decided to give preferential treatment in the matter of placing of orders
for supply of materials to parties holding State Government Loan Bonds. The assessee borrowed money for purchase of Government Loan Bonds
and claimed deduction of interest paid on such borrowed money. The Tribunal found that the bonds had been purchased in order to boost the
sales of the assessee and that the Bonds, which were sold within a year, had not been held as investment and had allowed the claim of the
assessee. On reference being made at the instance of the Revenue the Orissa High Court allowed the said deduction by observing that the loan had
been taken for purchasing bonds for the purpose of boosting up of the assessee''s business and, therefore, the payment of interest was rightly
allowable as a reduction. A similar question once again arose before the Orissa High Court in the case of Commissioner of income tax v. Industry
and Commerce Enterprisers (P) Ltd. The assessee which had purchased Government Loan Bonds had sold the same and had incurred a loss. This
loss was claimed as a deduction. The Tribunal held that the assessee had acquired business from the Government by the purchase of the securities
and, although the relevant correspondence did not speak of any condition precedent to the grant of the business to the assessee, yet because of the
coincidence of the date of purchase of the bonds and the business allotted to the assessee which Was of an equal sum, there was a direct nexus
between the business acquired by the assessee and the purchase of the securities. The Tribunal accordingly allowed the said deduction. On a
reference being made the High Court upheld the decision of the Tribunal which had allowed the said deduction. Before the Madras High Court
also a similar question arose where an assessee, carrying on road transport business, subscribed to Government Bonds carrying 4.5 per cent
interest. These Bonds were purchased at the instance of the Road Transport Authorities and for this purpose the assessee had borrowed money at
the rate of 10 per cent. This was done, according to the assessee, with a view to keep the road transport authority in good humour under the
bonafide belief that it was necessary to do so in order to carry on its business. Subsequently, the assessee sold the bonds at a loss of Rs. 3127 and
claimed this amount as a business loss. This claim was allowed by the Tribunal who found that the motor vehicle inspector had handed over the
necessary forms to the assessee for purchasing Government Bonds, that the assessee was under an obligation to purchase the Bonds for the
smooth running of the transport business especially when the mandate for purchase of the Bonds came from the inspector and, therefore, the loss
was allowable as deduction. While upholding the decision of the Tribunal the Madras High Court observed ""subscribing to Government Loans as
in the present case, is not, in our of opinion, opposed to public policy, and we are of the opinion that the Tribunal has rightly found that the
assessee was obliged to sell the Bonds before they became ripe for payment only to stop incurring further loss as the money with which the
subscription for the Government Bonds had been made had been borrowed by the assessee from a bank at 10 per cent interest while the Bonds
carried interest only at 4.5 per cent."" A similar question again arose for consideration before the Madras High Court in 203750 . In that case, as a
result of the persuasion of the Sales Tax Authorities who were making assessments on the assessee and who also had the control over Form No.
XX which are delivery notes to be issued by them for the dispatch of goods, the assessee was obliged to subscribe to certain government
securities. However, instead of directly purchasing these securities and then selling them, the assessee paid certain margin money to the brokers
which represented the difference between the issue price and the market price for the securities. The assessee claimed a loss of Rs. 1900. This
claim was upheld by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Tribunal. The High Court following its decision in the case of B.M.S. (P) Ltd.
(supra) upheld the decision of the Tribunal to the effect that these securities were purchased and sold in order to retain the goodwill of the Sales-
tax Authorities which was necessary and essential for the smooth carrying on of the business by the assessee.
14. The aforesaid decisions of the Orissa High Court in Industry and Commerce Enterprisers (P) Ltd. and of the Madras High Court in B.M.S.
(P) Ltd. and Dhandayuthapani Foundry cases (supra) were cited with approval by this Court in 289112 . In that case the assessee was told that if
he subscribed for the Government loan preferential treatment would be granted to it in the placing of orders for motor vehicles required by the
various government departments and the assessee would further benefit by an advance from the government upto fifty per cent of the value of the
orders placed. The Tribunal found that the investment in the purchase of Government Bonds was made in order to boost its business and as the
investment had been made by way of commercial expediency for the purpose of carrying on its business, the loss suffered by the assessee on the
sale of the bonds must be regarded as a Revenue loss. The High Court, however, decided the question in favour of the Revenue. While reversing
the judgment of the High Court, and upholding the conclusions arrived at by the Tribunal, this Court held that the investments made by the assessee
were not a capital asset and the loss suffered by it was allowable as a reduction. It then observed as follows:
It was held by the Orissa High Court in CIT v. Industry and Commerce Enterprisers (P) Ltd., and by the Madras High Court in Addl. CIT v.
B.M.S. (P) Ltd. and again in CIT v. Dhandayuthapanu Foundary (P) Ltd., that where government bonds on securities were purchased by the
assessee with a view to increasing his business with the government or with the object of retaining the goodwill of the authorities for the purpose of
his business, the loss incurred on the sale of such bonds or securities was allowable as a business loss.
15. From the aforesaid discussion it follows that any contribution made by an assessee to a public welfare fund which is directly connected or
related with the carrying on of the assessee''s business or which results in the benefit to the assessee''s business has to be regarded as an allowable
deduction u/s 37(1) of the Act. Such a donation, whether voluntary or at the instance of the authorities concerned, when made to a Chief
Minister''s Drought Relief Fund or a District Welfare Fund established by the District Collector or any other Fund for the benefit of the public and
with a view to secure benefit to the assessee''s business, cannot be regarded as payment opposed to public policy. It is not as if the payment in the
present case had been made as an illegal gratification. There is no law which prohibits the making of such a donation. The mere fact that making of
a donation for charitable or public cause or in public interest results in the government giving patronage or benefit can be no ground to deny the
assessee a deduction of that amount u/s 37(1) of the Act when such payment had been made for the purpose of assessee''s business.
16. For the aforesaid reasons we hold that the conclusion of the High Court arrived at in the present cases was not correct. The questions of law
referred to by the Tribunal are accordingly answered in favour of the appellants who will also be entitled to costs.
