@JUDGMENTTAG-ORDER
Malay Kumar Basu, J.@mdashThis revisional application u/s 397 read with Section 401 and Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is
directed against the order dated 9-10-96 passed by the Metropolitan Magistrate, 4th Court, Calcutta in complaint case No. C/298 of 95. The
relevant facts leading to the filing of this application may be summarised as follows :-
According to the petitioner, the O.P. Nos. 1 and 2 M. P. Agarwala and Umethmal Dugar contravened the provisions of Cl. (b & d) of Sub-
section (1) of Section 9 of the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act, 1973 during the financial year, 1993 and thereby allegedly committed an offence
punishable u/s 56 of the said Act. Accordingly, the petitioner being competent officer of the Enforcement Directorate, Foreign Exchange
Regulations Act filed a complaint in 1995 before the Court of Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Calcutta and the complaint was numbered as C-
298/95. In the body of that complaint names of 8 prosecution witnesses including that of the complainant were given. The learned Metropolitan
Magistrate took cognizance of the offence against the two accused and issued summons upon them and in response thereto they appeared before
that Court and on their application u/s 205, Cr.P.C. their personal attendance in the Court was dispensed with and they were allowed to be
represented by their respective lawyers until further orders; On 9th October, 1996 when the case was fixed for taking steps by the complainant,
the complainant was found absent on repeated calls during 10.15 a.m. to 11.15a.m. while both the accused persons were found represented by
their Advocates. The learned Magistrate took the evidence of the complainant as closed passing the impugned order thereby fixing 5th December,
1996 as the date for framing charge. Then the date was shifted to 9th January, 1997 when the complainant (the present petitioner) filed a petition
for fixing a date for evidence stating therein that evidence in the case had not been started and as such it was not possible for the Court to frame
charges against the accused in the absence of oral or documentary evidence, but that petition was rejected by the Court with the observation that
on 9th October, 1996 in spite of repeated calls none on behalf of the prosecution had turned up and hence the evidence for the prosecution was
taken as closed and the date for framing of charge was fixed, but even then the prosecution did not care to move before the higher Court against
that order, and had come with the said petition without assigning any reason why the prosecution did not adduce evidence or why none on behalf
of them turned upon that date to represent the prosecution, nor there was any prayer for recalling the order of closure of evidence and hence the
petition of the prosecution for fixing the date for evidence was rejected and a date for framing of charge was again fixed, namely, 30-1-97. On that
date the complainant again filed an application praying for an order recalling the order dated 9th October, 1996 on the ground that otherwise the
complainant would suffer irreparable prejudice for laches on the part of its Advocate but the learned Metropolitan Magistrate rejected that petition
also. Hence the complainant decided to move this Hon''ble Court by filing this application in its revisional jurisdiction challenging the order dated
9th October, 1996 as illegal and unsustainable. 2. In this connection, the petitioner has, made in the revision-petition a prayer for condonation of
delay in the filing of this revisional application and by way of explanation of the delay he has stated that while the period of limitation of 90 (ninety)
days was to expire on January 7, 1997, he on that day filed an application before the Court below for obtaining the certified copy of the impugned
order and he could obtain this certified copy as late as on 8th April, 1997. He then handed over these certified copies along with other relevant
documents to his Advocate Mr. D. Chakraborty Thakur for moving this revisional application before this High Court against the impugned order
but the learned Advocate advised him that such a time barred revisional application should not be admitted unless the delay of 228 days was
condoned on the basis of a separate application for condonation of delay accompanying the revisional application and in the process further delay
of about a month took place and ultimately he filed the revisional application on 14th May, 1997 challenging the legality and propriety of the
impugned order of the learned Metropolitan Magistrate dated 9th October, 1996 passed in Case No. 298/95. The grounds on which he has
challenged the order of the learned Magistrate are that the Court below ought to have deferred the date for examination of prosecution witnesses
suo motu when the complainant was found absent and that the impugned order became defective and it could not be cured even applying Section
465 of the Code. His further contention is that unless the delay of 228 days in filing of this application is condoned and the revisional application is
admitted, heard and decided in favour of the petitioner, it would suffer irreparable prejudice.
3. Two issues in the main have been raised in this hearing. First, whether the delay in filing of this application can be condoned and if not whether
the application being barred by limitation and being incapable of admission is liable to be dismissed in limine. The second point is whether the
revisional application if not found time barred can succeed on merits.
4. So far as the question of limitation is concerned, the admitted position is that the petition has been filed after the expiry of 228 days from the
date of the impugned order while the prescribed period within which it is to be filed as per law of limitation is 90 days. It is to be noted that
although there has been a delay in filing the revisional application, the applicant has not filed any separate petition u/s 5 of the Limitation Act for
condonation of the delay giving any explanation of the delay that occurred in respect of 228 days though, however, this has been given in a
paragraph in the revisional application itself. It is the contention of Mr. Thakur, learned Advocate for the revisional applicant, that since this
application has been admitted it has to be presumed that this Court has already condoned the delay and therefore, any further hearing on this point
is unnecessary and uncalled for and this Court now should proceed on giving a verdict on the merits of the application. But since I do not find in the
earlier relevant orders of this Court any observation touching the question of limitation, this contention cannot be acceptable. Simply because a
date was fixed for hearing of this application in the presence of both the sides it cannot be presumed that the Court impliedly disposed of any
question regarding limitation. That omission cannot be exploited by the petitioner by advancing an argument like this. Question of limitation is to be
governed by the relevant provisions of law on limitation and there must be a full-, fledged hearing on it, if the opposite party after entering its
appearance before the Court raises any question taking the plea that the application has not been filed within the prescribed period of limitation.
Otherwise the provisions of the Limitation Act would have been a total farce.
5. The impugned order was passed on 9-10-96 when the learned Metropolitan Magistrate finding the complainant absent on repeated calls
without taking any steps took the prosecution evidence before charge as closed and fixed a date, namely, 5-12-96 for consideration of charge. On
9-1-97 the complainant filed a petition for fixing a date for prosecution evidence, but it was rejected by the Court. Thereafter on 31-1-97 again the
complainant filed another petition before that Court of Magistrate for an order recalling the said order dated 9-10-96. But the learned Magistrate
after considering that petition found it unjustified and rejected it. Then the aggrieved complainant has filed the present revisional application for
setting aside that order on the ground that it is illegal and improper. This revisional application appears to have been filed on 14-5-97 whereas the
date of the impugned order is 9-10-96. The learned Advocate for the O.P. has raised the plea that in such circumstances the revisional application
is time barred, and no satisfactory explanation regarding the delay of 228 days having been offered, the application is liable to be dismissed on that
ground and there is no necessity for the Court to enter into the merits of the matter.
6. Let us see the nature of the impugned order. In view of the absence of the complainant on repeated calls the learned Magistrate took the
prosecution evidence as closed and fixed a date for consideration of charge. Thereafter on 9th January, 1997 the complainant filed a petition
before the learned Magistrate for fixing a date for evidence of the witnesses afresh to enable him to examine his witnesses on the ground that in
view of the seriousness of the offence alleged and in view of the fact that no iota of evidence had been adduced and in the face of such nil evidence
it was not possible for the Court to consider the question of framing of charge against the accused. The learned Magistrate after hearing both the
sides rejected this petition on the reasoning, inter alia, that the prosecution had not made any prayer for recalling his order dated 9-10-96 under
which the prosecution evidence had been taken as closed. This observation of the learned Magistrate does not appear to be justified. The above
petition of the complainant dated 9-1 -97 was in reality and essence a petition praying for reconsideration of the order dated 9-10-96, although no
word like ""reconsider"" or ""review"" etc., was used anywhere or no prayer like ""prayer for recalling that order"" was incorporated therein. The
learned Magistrate was well within his competence to fix another date for evidence even though once he had passed an order taking the evidence
of the prosecution as closed. Here the complainant had not examined a single witness and on the very first date fixed for evidence, that is, 9th
October, 1996, the complainant being found absent on repeated calls, his evidence was taken as closed. This order was not in the nature of a final
order and there was no bar under the law for the learned Magistrate to reconsider the same in view of the subsequent developments and allow the
prayer of the prosecution for fixing a date for evidence to make the provisions of Section 244 or 245 of the Cr. P.C. meaningful and effective.
Section 244 provides that the Magistrate shall take such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution and Section 245 lays down
that if upon taking the evidence referred to u/s 244 the Magistrate considers for reasons to be recorded that no case against the accused has been
made out which, if unrebutted, would warrant his conviction, the Magistrate shall discharge him. Thus it is quite clear that the Magistrate can
proceed u/s 245(1) only when he has taken the evidence as provided u/s 244. But if the Magistrate does not take any evidence at all, or for that
matter, the prosecution can be said to have not adduced any evidence at all, then the Magistrate has to proceed u/s 245(2) of the Code under
which it has been enjoined that nothing in this section shall be deemed to prevent a Magistrate from discharging the accused at any stage of the
case if; for reasons to be recorded by such Magistrate, he considers the charge to be groundless. That is to say, when there was no evidence
adduced from the side of the complainant at all, the Magistrate had nothing to fix a date for consideration of charge, because question of
consideration of charge can arise if there is any evidence adduced from the side of the prosecution. In this case it was very clear before the learned
Magistrate that there was absolutely no materials on record for the purpose of considering the question whether charge should be framed against
the accused persons or not. To meet such a situation the legislature has enacted the Sub-section (2) of Section 245 enabling the Magistrate to pass
an order discharging the accused on the ground that charge was found to be groundless. So the order of the Magistrate in question was clearly a
contradiction in terms and totally inconsistent.
7. If due to the fact that the complainant was absent and no witness on his behalf was present, the learned Magistrate fixed a date for consideration
of charge, the question is if such an order is to be treated as final in the sense that the Magistrate had no power to pass any further order for taking
evidence either on the prayer of the prosecution or of his own accord to serve the interest of justice. In my view there is no bar against such an
order being passed by the Magistrate. Since the learned Magistrate did not choose to pass any order u/s 245(2) of Cr. P.C. although there was
absolutely no evidence on record from the side of the prosecution, but he proposed to proceed u/s 245(1) Cr.P.C. by fixing a date for
consideration of charge against the accused persons, obviously he kept alive the scope for taking evidence, if necessary, before passing an order
on that point and all doors had not been shut. Such an intention of the legislature is manifest from the enactment of the provisions of Section 311 of
the Code. Under this section any Court may, at any stage of any inquiry, trial or other proceeding under this Code, summon any person as a
witness, or examine any person in attendance, though not summoned as a witness, or recall and re-examine any person already examined; and the
Court shall summon and examine or recall and re-examine any such person if his evidence appears to it to be essential to the just decision of the
case. This Section thus confers a wide discretion on the Court to act as the exigencies of justice require and such a power is exercisable at any
stage of inquiry or trial even after the entire case is over, what to speak of closure of evidence. It was therefore, the bounden duty of the
Magistrate, when the prosecution filed a petition before him on 9th January, 1977, to allow this petition and fix a date for prosecution evidence,
inasmuch as, his hands had not been tied in the matter of passing such an order for the mere reason that he had already passed an order taking the
prosecution evidence as closed. The language of the Section 311 suggests that a Criminal Court has always this discretion to examine any witness
at any stage even after evidence has been closed. From this it follows that for the purpose of passing an order for fixing a date for examination of
witness a criminal Court is not helpless simply because it has already closed the evidence or it has taken the evidence as closed. The petition filed
by the prosecution before the learned Magistrate praying for such an order may not be u/s 311 of the Code, but the principle that an order of
closure of evidence will not stand in the way of the Court''s fixing a date for further evidence, if necessary, will continue to govern such petitions
and it cannot be said that it is in the nature of final order which is incapable of being reconsidered by that Court. From this what is intended to be
driven at is that the order passed by the learned Magistrate dated 9-1-97 was not an order characterised by propriety or legality and that petition
of the prosecution being a legally valid one the learned Magistrate''s observation that the complainant having not moved against his earlier order
dated 9-10-96 before a higher Court had forfeited the benefit of getting it reconsidered by him was not sustainable under the law. The complainant
rightly approached the learned Magistrate for reconsideration of the order of closure of evidence fixing a date for evidence afresh, but the learned
Magistrate committed a wrong by rejecting that petition. Had the petition been allowed by the learned Magistrate no question of prejudice to the
other side would have arisen at all, inasmuch as, the defence would have got the opportunity to cross-examine them and at the same time the spirit
behind the provisions of Sections 244 and 245(1) would have been fully regarded and served.
8. So far as the question of limitation is concerned, learned advocate for the prosecution has referred to a Division Bench decision of this High
Court reported in State of West Bengal and others Vs. Nripendra NathBanerjee and others, . In this case their Lordships have held that where the
State Govt. filed an appeal 80 (eighty) days beyond limitation and application for consideration of delay was filed six years thereafter, but there
was good and sufficient cause showing for the delay in preferring the appeal, delay can be condoned and appeal can be admitted considering that
the appellant is a Government whose immobility is well known. It has been further observed that the present law overwhelmingly favours
condonation of delay in preferment of appeals especially by the State since the mere admission of an appeal without stay is not likely to cause
much prejudice to the respondents. There is also a decision of the Apex Court in favour of adopting a liberal approach in respect of condonation
of delay in order to enable the Courts to do substantial justice to the parties by disposing of matters on merits. This is to be found in Collector,
Land Acquisition, Anantnag and Another Vs. Mst. Katiji and Others, Their Lordships in this judgment were of the view that the expression
sufficient cause"" is adequately elastic to enable the Courts to apply the law in a meaningful way which subserves the ends of justice. There
Lordships further expressed their concern over the possibility of adopting a rigid and pedantic approach in this regard by enunciating the following
principles. According to their Lordships, refusing to condone the delay can result in a meritorious matter being thrown out at the very threshold and
cause of justice being defeated, whereas when delay is condoned the highest that can happen is that a cause would be decided on merits after
hearing the parties. Secondly, ""every day''s delay must be explained"" does not mean that a pedantic approach should be made and here the
doctrine must be applied in a rational, commonsense, pragmatic manner. It has been further pointed out in this Division Bench decision of the Apex
Court that when State is the applicant praying for condonation of delay it is to be considered that on account of impersonal machinery and the
inherited bureaucratic methodology imbued with the note-making, file-pushing and passing on the buck ethos, delay on the part of the State is less
difficult to understand and the Courts, therefore, have to remain conscious of the true spirit and philosophy of a provision of Section 5 Limitation
Act while interpreting the expression ""sufficient cause"".
9. In the present case, as have already been pointed out above, although there has been no separate petition u/s 5 of the Limitation Act, it cannot
be said that the petitioner has not made any prayer for condonation of delay in the matter of filing of this revisional application, inasmuch as, in
paragraphs 10 & 11 of this revisional application he has given an explanation as to how the delay for 228 days cropped up. In this connection the
Division Bench judgment of this Court already cited above State of West Bengal and others Vs. Nripendra NathBanerjee and others, will come to
the aid of the applicant, since herein their Lordships have held that it is not required that there should be always a Section 5 application in separate
form and even a verbal prayer for condonation of delay at a late stage also may be taken as enough for this purpose. Keeping in view the
principles enunciated in the aforementioned judgements of the Apex Court and this High Court, I am inclined to hold that the delay that took place
on the part of the complainant which is a Government department for two hundred and odd days in filing the revisional application should be
condoned since the explanation which has been given in paragraphs 10 & 11 of the revisional application appears to be satisfactory and sufficient,
regard being had to the fact that in case of a Government department the factor of impersonal machinery assumes considerable proportions
inasmuch as, the awareness works at the back of the mind of the people that no one in charge of the matter is directly hit or hurt by the impugned
order which is to be the subject matter of revision or appeal and also the peculiar bureaucratic methodology. The words ""sufficient cause"" should
get a liberal construction so as to advance substantial justice when there is no want of bona fide imputable to the applicant. In view of the entire
discussion made above I am of the view that the delay in filing of the revisional application is condonable and so far as the merits of the application
are concerned, the impugned order of the learned Magistrate was not legal or proper.
10. In the result the revisional application be allowed and the impugned order be set aside. The Court below shall proceed with the trial of the case
according to law after giving an opportunity to the complainant to adduce his evidence before charge. The trial do proceed expeditiously. Interim
order, if any, stands vacated.