Tarkunde, J.@mdashThese criminal references arise from. 19 criminal cases filed by the Nagpur Municipal Corporation against the Nagpur
Electric Light and Power Company, limited, hereafter referred to as the Company, for alleged evasion of octroi dues. In all the cases the Company
is accused of offences u/s 152 of the City of Nagpur Corporation Act, 1948, and in some of them u/s 420, Indian Penal Code.
2. On 18-12-1959 the Municipal Corporation filed a list of witnesses to whom summonses were to be issued and the list included the store keeper
of the Wardha branch of the Company and the Assistant Accountant of the Company at Nagpur, both or whom were cited only for the production
of certain documents and records belonging to the Company. Summonses were accordingly ordered to be issued by the learned trial Magistrate.
The Company then applied to the learned Magistrate for the withdrawal of the summonses or the ground that they violated the protection against
self-incrimination guaranteed by Article 20(3) of the Constitution. The objection having been overruled by the learned trial Magistrate, the
Company went in revision to the Sessions Court, Nagpur, and the learned Additional Sessions Judge, who heard the revision application, has
made these references to this Court, recommending that the objection raised by the Company should be accepted and that the summonses to the
Store Keeper and die Assistant Accountant be ordered to be withdrawn.
3. It is common ground that the direction contained in the summonses, calling upon the Company''s officers to produce certain documents was
made u/s 94 of the Criminal Procedure Code. If such a direction were given to a person accused of an offence, the direction would violate the
protection against testimonial compulsion guaranteed by Article 20(3) of the Constitution. Article 20(3) provides that ""No person accused of any
offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself"". In the case M.P. Sharma and Others Vs. Satish Chandra, District Magistrate, Delhi
and Others, the Supreme Court observed that ""To be a witness'' is nothing more than ''to furnish evidence'', and such evidence can be furnished
through the lips or by production of a thing or of a document or in other modes"". It is thus clear that to produce a document in a criminal case in
support of a prosecution is a testimonial act. If an accused person can be summoned u/s 94 of the Criminal Procedure Code to produce
documents likely to incriminate him in the course of a trial of an offence alleged to have been committed by him, his refusal to produce the
documents would be punishable u/s 175 of the Indian Penal Code, or by committing him for contempt of Court It must therefore follow that Article
20(3) of the Constitution prohibits a summons to be issued u/s 94 of the Criminal Procedure Code against an accused person, inquiring him to
produce documents in support of the prosecution case. A similar view was expressed by a Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court in R.C.
Gupta Vs. The State, .
4. In the present cases the Store Keeper and the Assistant Accountant of the Company are not themselves the accused, but the documents which
they are asked to produce belong to the Company which is the accused. u/s 131 of the Evidence Act the Company can object to its own
employees producing its documents in Court without its consent, if the Company itself cannot be compelled to produce them. It must therefore
follow that if the Company cannot be required by virtue of Article 20(3) of the Constitution to produce those documents, the summonses: issued
against the Company''s employees requiring them to produce the Company''s documents would be invalid.
5. It is, however, urged by the learned Special Government Pleader on behalf of the State and by Mr. Saranjame on behalf of the Municipal
Corporation, that the protection against testimonial compulsion) which is available under Article 20(3) of the Constitution to natural individuals, is
not available to companies and other corporate bodies, and that the summonses issued to the Company''s officers are therefore valid. We are
unable to accept this argument. Article 367 of the Constitution provides that ""Unless the context otherwise requires, the General Clauses Act,
1897, shall ... apply for the interpretation of this Constitution..."" Section 3(42) of the General Clauses Act says that the word ""person"" shall include
any company or association or body of individuals whether incorporated or not. It follows that the word ""person"" occurring in Article 20(3) must,
unless the context otherwise requires be deemed to include companies, and unincorporated bodies. We do not find that the context in which the
word ""person"" occurs in Article 20(3) requires that the word should be limited to natural individuals. It is true that a company as such cannot give
oral evidence ip any case but the expressi,07i ""to be a witness"" has been interpreted to mean ""to furnish evidence"" and a company is certainly
capable of furnishing documentary evidence against itself. It is also clear that a summons issued u/s 94 of the Criminal Procedure Code is in the
nature of coercive process, even when it is issued against a company. There is no reason why a company, supposing it resolves to disobey a
summons issued u/s 94, cannot be fined for contempt of Court. At any rate, the company''s officers who refuse to produce documents in response
to a summons u/s 94, are liable to be committed for contempt, and the necessity of avoiding that consequence would amount to a compulsion on
the company to obey the summons. Since the context does not require that the word ""person"" in Article 20(3) should be interpreted otherwise than
as provided by Section 3(42) of the General Clauses Act, we are of the view that the protection of Article 20(3) is available not only to natural
individuals but also to companies.
6. Our attention was drawn to a number of American decisions in which it was held that the protection against self-incriminatian contained in the
5th Amendment of the American Constitution does not extend to corporate bodies. The leading case on the point is Hale v. Henkel (1905) 50
Law Ed. 652: 201 US 48. In that case it was observed in the course of the majority judgment delivered by Mr. Justice Brown:
Conceding that the witness was an officer of the corporation under investigation, and that he was-entitled to assert the rights of the corporation
with respect to the production of its books and papers, we are of the opinion that there is a clear distinction in this particular between an individual
and a-corporation and that the latter has no right to refuse to submit its books and papers for an examination at the suit of the state.
The reason for the distinction was stated to be that an individual receives nothing from the State beyond the protection of his life and property,
whereas a corporation is the creature of the State and holds its special privileges and franchises subject to the laws of the State. This decision was
followed in other cases of the Federal Supreme Court, including Wilson v. United States (1910) 55 Law Ed. 771 : 221 U. Section 361. The
principle enunciated in. (1905) 50 Law Ed. 652, did cover the case of unincorporated bodies. The question whether an unincorporated labour
union could claim the privilege against self-incrimination contained in the 5th Amendment arose before the Federal Supreme Court in United States
v. White (1943) 322 U. Section 694, It was held that unincorporated bodies cannot, as a rule, claim that privilege. It was observed in the course
of the judgment in that case:
The reason underlying the restriction of this-constitutional privilege to natural individuals acting in their own private capacity is clear. The scope-and
nature of the economic activities of incorporated and unincorporated organizations and their representatives demand that the constitutional power
of the federal and state governments to regulate those activities be correspondingly effective. The greater portion of evidence of wrong doing by an
organization or its representatives is usually to be found in-the official records and documents of that organization. Were the cloak of the privilege
to be thrown-around these impersonal records and documents, effective enforcement of many federal and state laws would be impossible.
7. The above observations show that the main-reason why the American Supreme Court excluded associations from the protection against self-
incrimination was that the privilege would make it impossible to enforce federal and state laws in respect of these bodies. No such apprehension
exists, in Indian Law. As pointed out by our Supreme Court in M.P. Sharma and Others Vs. Satish Chandra, District Magistrate, Delhi and
Others, , a power of search and seizure is not subjected by our Constitution to any limitations such as are found in the 4th Amendment of the
American Constitution. Consequently, the refusal of a company or other body to produce documents in response to an order of a-Court will not
preclude the documents being searched for and seized in pursuance of appropriate legal provisions, like the one contained in Section 96 of the
Criminal Procedure Code.
8. Our attention was also drawn to a case decided by the Court of Appeal in England where a view contrary to the current American opinion was
accepted. In Triplex Safety Glass Co. v. Lance-�aye Glass (1934) Ltd. (1939) 2 All ER. 613 a question arose whether a corporation which
was sued for libel can refuse to answer interrogatories on the ground that the answers would tend to incriminate it. It was urged before the Court of
Appeal that the corporation could not be indicted for a libel, and further that even supposing a corporation could be so indicted, it was not entitled
to rely upon the privilege against self-incrimination. The Court of Appeal rejected both the contentions and held that a corporation can be indicted
for libel and also that the privilege against self-incrimination was not limited to natural persons and could be taken advantage of by a corporation.
On the latter point due Parcel L.J., delivering the judgment of the Court, observed:
It is true that a company cannot suffer all the pains to which a real person is subject. It can, however, in certain cases, be convicted and punished,
with grave consequences to its reputation and to its members, and we can see no ground for depriving a juristic person of those safeguards which
the law of England accords even to the least deserving of natural persons. It would not be in accordance with principle that any person capable of
committing, and incurring the penalties of, a crime should be compelled by process of law to admit a criminal offence
9. In view of this divided opinion, in view further of the definition of the word ""person"" in the General Clauses Act and also because we are unable
in the absence of an adequate reason to allow a restriction of the scope of a fundamental right, we have come to the conclusion that the protection
against self-incrimination is available to companies as much as to natural individuals.
10. Accordingly, these references are accepted and the learned trial Magistrate is directed to withdraw the summonses issued to the Store Keeper
and the Assistant Accountant of the Company. This order will not prevent action being taken according to law for the search and seizure of the
documents required in these cases.