Special Reference No. 1 of 1964 (Keshav Singh’s Case)
This reference held that legislative privileges under Article 194(3) are not absolute and are subject to judicial review to protect rule of law and judicial independence.
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This reference held that legislative privileges under Article 194(3) are not absolute and are subject to judicial review to protect rule of law and judicial independence.
Freedom of artistic expression cannot be restricted without clear harm; Article 32 remedies apply only if a fundamental right is directly affected.
This judgment upheld maintenance for divorced Muslim women under Sec 125 CrPC beyond iddat, reinforcing gender equality and supporting the idea of a Uniform Civil Code.
This PIL marked the judiciary’s active role in environmental protection, reinforcing duties to prevent water pollution and shaping India’s green jurisprudence.
SC upheld advocates’ duty to maintain dignity, condemned unethical client solicitation, and stressed fair procedures in disciplinary actions.