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This PIL marked the judiciary’s active role in environmental protection, reinforcing duties to prevent water pollution and shaping India’s green jurisprudence.
Landmark 1990 ruling extending Article 14 to State contracts; SC held all public actions must be fair, non-arbitrary, and free from political bias.
Landmark 1970 ruling on bank nationalisation; SC struck down 1969 law for violating Articles 14 & 31(2), redefining fundamental rights protection.
SC ruled royalty on minerals isn’t land revenue; States can’t levy cess on royalty as mineral development falls under Union jurisdiction.
Landmark ruling upholding betterment fee laws; SC held detailed recovery provisions valid when guided by clear legislative policy and urban goals.