Kerala High Court Rules ‘Doctor’ Title Not Exclusive to Medical Professionals, Physiotherapists Can Use ‘Dr’ Prefix
Court Says NMC Act Does Not Confer Exclusive Rights to MBBS Graduates
Judges Highlight Historical Meaning of ‘Doctor’ as Learned Person Across Disciplines
By Our Legal Correspondent
New Delhi: January 25, 2026:
In a landmark judgment, the Kerala High Court has ruled that the prefix “Dr” is not the exclusive domain of medical professionals, dismissing petitions filed by doctors who argued that physiotherapists and occupational therapists should not be allowed to use the title. The court emphasized that the National Medical Commission (NMC) Act does not confer exclusive rights to MBBS graduates over the use of “Dr,” and that historically, the term referred to learned individuals across various fields such as theology, law, and philosophy.
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This ruling is expected to have a significant impact on India’s healthcare ecosystem, recognizing the professional identity of physiotherapists and occupational therapists who undergo extensive training and contribute meaningfully to patient care.
Background of the Case
- Several medical professionals filed petitions challenging the use of the “Dr” prefix by physiotherapists and occupational therapists.
- They argued that the title should be reserved for those holding recognized medical qualifications such as MBBS or MD.
- The Kerala High Court, however, dismissed these pleas, noting that the NMC Act does not contain any provision granting exclusive rights to medical doctors.
- Justice V.G. Arun, delivering the verdict, observed that the word “Doctor” originally meant a learned person qualified to teach, and its usage has expanded over centuries.
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Court’s Observations
The High Court made several important points:
- Historical context: The title “Doctor” was first used for scholars in theology, law, and philosophy, not medicine.
- No exclusivity in law: The NMC Act does not reserve the prefix for MBBS graduates.
- Recognition of allied health professionals: Physiotherapists and occupational therapists undergo rigorous training and play a vital role in healthcare delivery.
- Dismissal of petitions: The court refused to “tinker” with the policy framework governing allied healthcare professions at the instance of a few medical professionals.
Implications of the Ruling
- Professional identity validated: Physiotherapists and occupational therapists can now legally use the “Dr” prefix, enhancing their recognition in the healthcare system.
- Reduced hierarchy: The ruling challenges the traditional hierarchy that places medical doctors above allied health professionals.
- Public clarity needed: While the judgment empowers physiotherapists, there may be confusion among patients who associate “Dr” exclusively with medical doctors.
- Policy alignment: The decision aligns with the National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions (NCAHP) Act, which recognizes the role of allied health workers.
Wider Context
Globally, the use of the “Dr” prefix is not limited to medical professionals:
- In the United States and Europe, PhD holders across disciplines use “Dr.”
- In India, dentists, homeopaths, and veterinary doctors also use the title.
- The Kerala High Court ruling brings physiotherapists and occupational therapists into this broader recognition framework.
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Public and Professional Reactions
- Medical doctors expressed concern that the ruling may confuse patients and dilute the prestige of the medical profession.
- Physiotherapists and occupational therapists welcomed the judgment, saying it validates their years of study and contribution to healthcare.
- Legal experts noted that the ruling is consistent with constitutional principles of equality and non-discrimination.
Conclusion
The Kerala High Court’s ruling that the title “Doctor” is not exclusive to medical professionals marks a turning point in India’s healthcare landscape. By allowing physiotherapists and occupational therapists to use the “Dr” prefix, the court has recognized their professional identity and contribution to patient care.
While the judgment may spark debate among medical professionals, it reflects a broader understanding of the term “Doctor” as a marker of learning and expertise across disciplines. As India continues to strengthen its allied healthcare framework, this ruling ensures that physiotherapists and occupational therapists receive the respect and recognition they deserve.
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