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This ruling upheld the State’s power to impose retrospective taxes if constitutionally valid, affirming that retrospective laws aren’t invalid if within legislative competence.
This judgment upheld the basic structure doctrine, limiting Parliament’s amendment powers and protecting fundamental rights from being overridden by directive principles.
This PIL marked the judiciary’s active role in environmental protection, reinforcing duties to prevent water pollution and shaping India’s green jurisprudence.
Landmark 1990 ruling extending Article 14 to State contracts; SC held all public actions must be fair, non-arbitrary, and free from political bias.
Landmark 1970 ruling on bank nationalisation; SC struck down 1969 law for violating Articles 14 & 31(2), redefining fundamental rights protection.