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Permanent railway servants cannot be terminated without due process; compliance with Article 311(2) is required, reinforcing job security for government employees.
Freedom of artistic expression cannot be restricted without clear harm; Article 32 remedies apply only if a fundamental right is directly affected.
This case upheld reasonable limits on property rights to protect poor farmers, stressing harmony between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles for social justice.
This ruling upheld the State’s power to impose retrospective taxes if constitutionally valid, affirming that retrospective laws aren’t invalid if within legislative competence.
Landmark 1990 ruling extending Article 14 to State contracts; SC held all public actions must be fair, non-arbitrary, and free from political bias.