Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs Union of India (1983)
This landmark case expanded the State’s duty under Article 23, mandating proactive protection of bonded labourers and ensuring dignity and freedom for vulnerable groups.
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This landmark case expanded the State’s duty under Article 23, mandating proactive protection of bonded labourers and ensuring dignity and freedom for vulnerable groups.
The Court ruled that reserved category promotions don’t grant seniority over general candidates, balancing reservation benefits with equality under Articles 14 and 16.
This ruling held that caste is by birth, not marriage, ensuring reservation benefits are granted only to those born into backward communities.
The Supreme Court recognized commercial speech, including business directories like Tata Press Yellow Pages, as protected under Article 19(1)(a), limiting restrictions.
The Unni Krishnan case limited the right to education under Article 21 to free, compulsory education for children up to 14, while allowing state regulation of professional educati…